Oligarchs

	Oligarchs Oligarch may refer to: Authority * Oligarch, a member of an oligarchy, a power structure where control resides in a small number of people * Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary), late 13th–14th centuries * Business oligarch, wealthy and influential businessmen Russian oligarch, business oligarchs in the era of Russian privatization in the 1990s Ukrainian oligarchs, business oligarchs after Ukrainian independence in 1991 Other uses * ''The Oligarchs'', a 2001 non-fiction book by David E. Hoffman * Oligarch planet, hypothetical planets beyond Neptune * Old Oligarch The "Constitution of the Athenians" ( grc-gre, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, ''Athenaion Politeia''), also known as "On the Athenian State", is a short treatise on the government and society of classical Athens. It was preserved amongst the m ... , author of a "Constitution of the Athenians" {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Russian Oligarch Russian oligarchs (Russian language, Russian: олигархи, Romanization of Russian, romanized: ''oligarkhi'') are business oligarchs of the Post-Soviet states, former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the Privatization in Russia, Russian privatisation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Failed state, failing Soviet state left the ownership of Public property, state assets contested, which allowed for Blat (favors), informal deals with former Soviet Union, USSR officials (mostly in Russia and Ukraine) as a means to acquire state property. Historian Edward L. Keenan has compared these oligarchs to the system of powerful Boyar#Boyars in Muscovy, boyars that emerged in late-medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovy. The first modern Russian oligarchs emerged as business-sector entrepreneurs under Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary 1985–1991) during his period of Mark ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	The Oligarchs ''The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia'' is a 2001 non-fiction book written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author and ''Washington Post'' contributing editor David E. Hoffman. The book chronicles events of the transitional period in Russia, from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, and the subsequent privatization in Russia, to the 1996 presidential election, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and Vladimir Putin's rise to power in the late 1990s. Synopsis Hoffman's account focuses on the rise of the Russian oligarchs, a group of businessmen who acquired great wealth and became very influential in Russian politics during the Boris Yeltsin presidency, and several state officials who were close to them. The book examines in detail the roles of six individuals: * Boris Berezovsky (former owner of Sibneft oil company and at one time the principal shareholder in the country's main television channel, ORT) Mikhail Khodorkovsky (former owner of Bank Menate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ukrainian Oligarchs Ukrainian oligarchs (Ukrainian: українські олігархи, romanized: ukrayins'ki oliharkhy) are business oligarchs who emerged on the economic and political scene of Ukraine after the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum. This period saw Ukraine transitioning to a market economy, with the rapid privatization of state-owned assets. Those developments mirrored those of the neighboring post-Soviet states after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The influence of Ukrainian oligarchs on domestic and regional politics, particularly their links to Russia, has been the source of criticism from pro-Western sources critical of Ukraine’s lack of political reform or action against corruption. In 2008, the combined wealth of Ukraine's 50 richest oligarchs was equal to 85% of Ukraine's GDP. In November 2013, this number was 45% (of GDP). By 2015, due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, the total net worth of the five richest and most influential Ukrainians at that time (Rinat Akhmetov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Oligarchy Oligarchy (; ) is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control. Throughout history, power structures considered to be oligarchies have often been viewed as tyrannical, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich, for which another term commonly used today is plutocracy. In the early 20th century Robert Michels developed the theory that democracies, like all large organizations, tend to turn into oligarchies. In his "Iron law of oligarchy" he suggests that the necessary division of labor in large organizations leads to the establishment of a ruling class mostly concerned with protecting their own power. Minority rule The exclusive consolidation of power by a dominant religious or et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Oligarch (Kingdom Of Hungary) An oligarch or provincial lord ( hu, tartományúr; formerly the term ''petty king'' was also used) was a powerful lord who administered huge contiguous territories through usurping royal prerogatives in the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. List of oligarchs Interregnum (1301–1310) * Amadeus Aba ( Northeast Hungary) * Stephen Ákos ( Borsod) * Stephen Babonić ( Lower Slavonia) * James Borsa ( Transtisia) * Matthew Csák ( Northwest Hungary) * Ugrin Csák ( Upper Syrmia) * Dujam Frankopan ( Primorje) * Ladislaus Kán (Transylvania) * Henry Kőszegi ( Southern Transdanubia and Upper Slavonia) * Ivan Kőszegi (Western Transdanubia) * Stephen Dragutin Nemanjić ( Lower Syrmia) * Nicholas Pok ( Szamosköz) * Dominic Rátót (Nógrád) * Paul Šubić (Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Business Oligarch A business oligarch is generally a business magnate who controls sufficient resources to influence national politics. A business leader can be considered an oligarch if the following conditions are satisfied: # uses monopolistic tactics to dominate an industry; # possesses sufficient political power to promote their own interests; # controls multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities. More generally, an oligarch () is a "member of an oligarchy; a person who is part of a small group holding power in a state". See also * Russian oligarchs * Ukrainian oligarchs * Oligarchy * Tai-pan A tai-pan (,Andrew J. Moody, "Transmission Languages and Source Languages of Chinese Borrowings in English", ''American Speech'', Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 414-415. literally "top class"汉英词典 — ''A Chinese-English Dictionary' ... * Chaebol References Social groups Wealth concentration Oligarchy Post-Soviet states {{Business-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Oligarch Planet Following the discovery of the planet Neptune in 1846, there was considerable speculation that another planet might exist beyond its orbit. The search began in the mid-19th century and continued at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the giant planets, particularly Uranus and Neptune, speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities. Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell's hypothesis, and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet. In 1978, Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets, resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet. The search was largely abandoned in the early 1990s, when a study of measurements made by the ''Voyager 2'' spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]