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October Riots
The October 2000 protests, also known as October 2000 events, were a series of protests in Arab villages in northern Israel in October 2000 that turned violent, escalating into rioting by Israeli Arabs, which led to counter-rioting by Israeli Jews and clashes with the Israel Police and ending in the deaths of 13 Arab demonstrators and 1 Israeli Jew.Dan Rabinowitz'October 2000, revisited,'Haaretz 19 October, 2004 The Or Commission was established to investigate the police response to the rioting. Israeli media outlets refer to the episode as ''אירועי אוקטובר 2000'' - the "October 2000 events" while the Arab community refers to it as the "October ignition" (). Background In September 2000, tensions between the police and Israel's Arab citizens rose. On September 12, Israel Police Northern District Commander Alik Ron requested an investigation of Hadash MK Mohammad Barakeh for inciting violence against police. At a meeting of the High Follow-up Committee for Arab ci ...
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Muhammad Al-Durrah
On 30 September 2000, the second day of the Second Intifada, 12-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah () was killed in the Gaza Strip during widespread protests and riots across the Palestinian territories against Israeli military occupation. Jamal al-Durrah and his son Muhammad were filmed by Talal Abu Rahma, a Palestinian television cameraman freelancing for France 2, as they were caught in crossfire between the Israeli military and Palestinian security forces. Footage shows them crouching behind a concrete cylinder, the boy crying and the father waving, then a burst of gunfire and dust. Muhammad is shown slumping as he is mortally wounded by gunfire, dying soon after."French court examines footage of Mohammad al-Dura's death"
, ''Haar ...
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Asel Asleh
An Airplane, Single Engine, Land certificate (ASEL) is part of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) testing and certification standard: within a privilege level, it is a class rating as part of pilot certification in the United States. An ASEL identifies that the pilot in question holds a pilot license for a fixed-wing aircraft that has a single engine and only lands on land—not a seaplane. ASEL is the most common license sought by private pilots; to specify that it is a Private Pilot License, it can be referred to as P/ASEL or PP-ASEL. See also *Pilot certification in the United States Pilot certification in the United States is typically required for an individual to act as a pilot-in-command of an aircraft. It is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT ... References Aviation in the United States Aviation licenses and certifications {{Aviation-stub ...
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Arraba, Galilee
Arraba ( ar, عرّابة; he, עראבה), also known as 'Arrabat al-Battuf, is an Arab city in Israel. It is located in the Lower Galilee in the Northern District, within Sakhnin valley, adjacent to Sakhnin and Deir Hanna, and climbing a bit on Yodfat range to its south, while also owning some lands south of that in the Beit Netofa Valley (Sahl al-Battuf) to the north of Nazareth area. Arraba attained local council status in 1965, and city status in 2016. In its population was . History Antiquity Arraba is identified with the ancient Jewish village called ''Arab'', mentioned in Josephus' writings by its pronunciation in the Greek, ''Gabara'', but in the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud as ''Arab''.HaReuveni (1999), p. 779Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p206/ref> The first-century Jewish rabbi and leader Yohanan ben Zakkai is said to have lived there eighteen years. During the First Jewish-Roman War, Vespasian sacked the city, killing those of its Jewish citizens who ha ...
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Raed Salah
Raed (; Arabic: , ') is an Arabic male name, meaning ''leader or pioneer''. People * Raed Arafat (born 1964), Syrian-born physician of Palestinian descent and Romanian citizenship * Raed Elhamali, Libyan-American basketball player * Raed Fares, Syrian journalist, activist and civil society leader from Kafr Nabl, Syria * Raed Jarrar, Iraqi-born architect, blogger, and political advocate * Raed Melki, Australian rapper of Palestinian descent * Ra'ed Al-Nawateer, Jordanian footballer * Raed Salah, Palestinian politician *Raed al-Saleh, founder and director of the Syria Civil Defense, known as the White Helmets * Raed Zidan Raed Zidan is the first Palestinian man to summit Mount Everest and the first Palestinian man to reach all Seven Summits Early life Zidan was born in Kuwait to Palestinian emigrants. His parents emigrated from Kufr Lakef, Palestine, near Qalqily ..., first Palestinian man to Summit Mount Everest, first Palestinian man to complete the Seven Summits {{given name ...
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Wadi Ara
Wadi Ara ( ar, وادي عارة, he, ואדי עארה) or Nahal 'Iron ( he, נחל עירון), is a valley and its surrounding area in Israel populated mainly by Arab Israelis. The area is also known as the "Northern Triangle". Wadi Ara is located northwest of the Green Line, in the Haifa District. Highway 65 runs through the wadi. The ancient town of biblical fame, Megiddo, known from as Armageddon, used to guard its northern exit during much of the Bronze and Iron Ages. Geography Wadi Ara is a 20 km wadi (valley) in northern Israel that begins at the meeting point of Samaria, the Menashe Heights, and the Sharon plain. The riverbed begins near Umm al-Fahm and runs southwest on the boundary between the Manasseh hills and the Umm al-Fahm hills. Approximately 1 km west of the Border Patrol intersection on Highway 65, the wadi opens into the Sharon plain, and becomes a tributary of the Hadera Stream, south of Talmei Elazar and north of Tel Zeror. History Wadi Ara is part ...
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Sniper
A sniper is a military/paramilitary marksman who engages targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities. Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with high-precision rifles and high-magnification optics, and often also serve as scouts/observers feeding tactical information back to their units or command headquarters. In addition to long-range and high-grade marksmanship, military snipers are trained in a variety of special operation techniques: detection, stalking, target range estimation methods, camouflage, tracking, bushcraft, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition. Etymology The name "sniper" comes from the verb "to snipe", which originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in reference to shooting snipes, a wader that was considered an extremely challenging game bird for hunters due to its alertness, camouflaging color ...
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Egged (company)
, logo = Egged logo.svg , logo_size = 150px , image = Egged bug in Afula 01.jpg , image_size = , image_caption = , company_slogan = , parent = Self-owned 1,500 members 6,500 employees , founded = 1933 , defunct = , headquarters = Amot ParkTechBeit DaganIsrael , locale = , service_area = Israel (nationwide)Golan HeightsWest BankPolandNetherlands , service_type = , alliance = , routes = , destinations = , stops = , hubs = , stations = , lounge = , fleet = 2,950 , ridership = 900,000 (Israel) , annual ridership = 264,200,000 (Israel) , fuel_type = , operator = , ceo = , leader_type = , leader = , website Egged (English) Egged Transportation Ltd ( he, אֶגֶד ) is the largest transit bus company in Israel. Egged's intercity bus routes reach most ...
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Molotov Cocktail
A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – ''see other names'') is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammable liquids sealed with a cloth wick). In use, the fuse attached to the container is lit and the weapon is thrown, shattering on impact. This ignites the flammable substances contained in the bottle and spreads flames as the fuel burns. Due to their relative ease of production, Molotov cocktails are typically improvised weapons. Their improvised usage spans from criminals, rioters, football hooligans, urban guerrillas, terrorists, irregular soldiers, freedom fighters, and even regular soldiers, in the latter case often due to a shortage of equivalent military-issued weapons. Despite its improvised and rebellious nature, many modern militaries exercise the use of Molotov cocktails. However, Molotov cocktails are not always improvised ...
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Fureidis
Fureidis (also Freidis; ar, فريديس, he, פֻרֵידִיס) is an Arab town in the Haifa District of Israel. It received local council status in 1952. In its population was . Name The name is believed to come from the Arabic (''firdawis''), meaning little Garden of Eden, borrowed from the Persian word for ''paradise''. A population list from about 1887 showed that ''Kh. Fureidis'' had about 300 inhabitants, all Muslim. British Mandate era In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, ''Al Feridis'' had a population of 335; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 454; still all Muslims, in a total of 98 houses.Mills, 1932, p90/ref> In the 1945 statistics the population of Fureidis consisted of 780 MuslimsDepartment of Statistics, 1945, p 13/ref> and the land area was 4,450 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in ...
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Acre, Israel
Acre ( ), known locally as Akko ( he, עַכּוֹ, ''ʻAkō'') or Akka ( ar, عكّا, ''ʻAkkā''), is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel. The city occupies an important location, sitting in a natural harbour at the extremity of Haifa Bay on the coast of the Mediterranean's Levantine Sea."Old City of Acre."
, World Heritage Center. World Heritage Convention. Web. 15 Apr 2013
Aside from coastal trading, it was also an important waypoint on the region's coastal road and the road cutting inland along the

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Umm Al-Fahm
Umm al-Fahm ( ar, أمّ الفحم, ''Umm al-Faḥm''; he, אוּם אֶל-פַחֶם ''Um el-Faḥem'') is a city located northwest of Jenin in the Haifa District of Israel. In its population was , nearly all of whom are Arab citizens of Israel. The city is situated on the Umm al-Fahm mountain ridge, the highest point of which is Mount Iskander ( above sea level), overlooking Wadi Ara. Umm al-Fahm is the social, cultural and economic center for residents of the Wadi Ara and Triangle regions. Etymology Umm al-Fahm means "Mother of Charcoal" in Arabic. According to local lore, the village was surrounded by forests which were used to produce charcoal. History Several archaeological sites around the city date to the Iron Age II, as well as the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, early Muslim and the Middle Ages.Zertal, 2016, p119/ref> Mamluk era In 1265 C.E. (663 H.), after Baybars won the territory from the Crusaders, the revenues from Umm al-Fahm were given to the Mamluk ''na'ib ...
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