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Number Theoretic Transform
In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform over a ring generalizes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), of a function whose values are commonly complex numbers, over an arbitrary ring. Definition Let R be any ring, let n\geq 1 be an integer, and let \alpha \in R be a principal ''n''th root of unity, defined by:Martin Fürer,Faster Integer Multiplication, STOC 2007 Proceedings, pp. 57–66. Section 2: The Discrete Fourier Transform. : \begin & \alpha^n = 1 \\ & \sum_^ \alpha^ = 0 \text 1 \leq k < n \qquad (1) \end The discrete Fourier transform maps an ''n''-tuple of elements of to another ''n''-tuple of elements of according to the following formula: : By convention, the tuple is said to be in the ''time domain'' and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, or , involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 × 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order. The property of being prime is called primality. A simple but slow method of checking the primality of a given number n, called trial division, tests whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and \sqrt. Faster algorithms include the Miller–Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small chance of error, and the AKS primality test, which always pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fast Fourier Transform
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a sequence of values into components of different frequencies. This operation is useful in many fields, but computing it directly from the definition is often too slow to be practical. An FFT rapidly computes such transformations by factorizing the DFT matrix into a product of sparse (mostly zero) factors. As a result, it manages to reduce the complexity of computing the DFT from O\left(N^2\right), which arises if one simply applies the definition of DFT, to O(N \log N), where N is the data size. The difference in speed can be enormous, especially for long data sets where ''N'' may be in the thousands or millions. In the presence of round-off error, many FFT algorithm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convolution Theorem
In mathematics, the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals) is the pointwise product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g., frequency domain). Other versions of the convolution theorem are applicable to various Fourier-related transforms. Functions of a continuous variable Consider two functions g(x) and h(x) with Fourier transforms G and H: \begin G(f) &\triangleq \mathcal\(f) = \int_^g(x) e^ \, dx, \quad f \in \mathbb\\ H(f) &\triangleq \mathcal\(f) = \int_^h(x) e^ \, dx, \quad f \in \mathbb \end where \mathcal denotes the Fourier transform operator. The transform may be normalized in other ways, in which case constant scaling factors (typically 2\pi or \sqrt) will appear in the convolution theorem below. The convolution of g and h is defined by: r(x) = \(x) \triangleq \int_^ g(\t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irrational Base Discrete Weighted Transform
In mathematics, the irrational base discrete weighted transform (IBDWT) is a variant of the fast Fourier transform using an irrational base; it was developed by Richard Crandall (Reed College), Barry Fagin (Dartmouth College) and Joshua Doenias ( NeXT Software) in the early 1990s using Mathematica. The IBDWT is used in the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search's client Prime95 to perform FFT multiplication, as well as in other programs implementing Lucas-Lehmer test, such as CUDALucas and Glucas. References * Richard Crandall, Barry Fagin: ''Discrete weighted transforms and large-integer arithmetic'', Mathematics of Computation 62, 205, 305-324, January 1994PDF file * Richard Crandall Richard E. Crandall (December 29, 1947 – December 20, 2012) was an American physicist and computer scientist who made contributions to computational number theory. Background Richard Crandall was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and spent two years ...: ''Topics in Advanced Scientific Compu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weight Function
A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set. The result of this application of a weight function is a weighted sum or weighted average. Weight functions occur frequently in statistics and analysis, and are closely related to the concept of a measure. Weight functions can be employed in both discrete and continuous settings. They can be used to construct systems of calculus called "weighted calculus" and "meta-calculus".Jane Grossma''Meta-Calculus: Differential and Integral'' , 1981. Discrete weights General definition In the discrete setting, a weight function w \colon A \to \R^+ is a positive function defined on a discrete set A, which is typically finite or countable. The weight function w(a) := 1 corresponds to the ''unweighted'' situation in which all elements have equal weight. One can then apply this weight to various concep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schönhage–Strassen Algorithm
The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm is an asymptotically fast multiplication algorithm for large integers. It was developed by Arnold Schönhage and Volker Strassen in 1971.A. Schönhage and V. Strassen,Schnelle Multiplikation großer Zahlen, ''Computing'' 7 (1971), pp. 281–292. The run-time bit complexity is, in big O notation, O(n \cdot \log n \cdot \log \log n) for two ''n''-digit numbers. The algorithm uses recursive fast Fourier transforms in rings with 2''n''+1 elements, a specific type of number theoretic transform. The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm was the asymptotically fastest multiplication method known from 1971 until 2007, when a new method, Fürer's algorithm, was announced with lower asymptotic complexity, and is used in the Basic Polynomial Algebra Subprograms (BPAS) open source library. The algorithm does not adapt for polynomials over finite fields though. The current best multiplication algorithm in terms of asymptotic complexity is by David Harvey and Jor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modular Arithmetic
In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'', published in 1801. A familiar use of modular arithmetic is in the 12-hour clock, in which the day is divided into two 12-hour periods. If the time is 7:00 now, then 8 hours later it will be 3:00. Simple addition would result in , but clocks "wrap around" every 12 hours. Because the hour number starts over at zero when it reaches 12, this is arithmetic ''modulo'' 12. In terms of the definition below, 15 is ''congruent'' to 3 modulo 12, so "15:00" on a 24-hour clock is displayed "3:00" on a 12-hour clock. Congruence Given an integer , called a modulus, two integers and are said to be congruent modulo , if is a divisor of their difference (that is, if there is an integer such that ). Congruence modulo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclotomic Fast Fourier Transform
The cyclotomic fast Fourier transform is a type of fast Fourier transform algorithm over finite fields.S.V. Fedorenko and P.V. Trifonov, This algorithm first decomposes a DFT into several circular convolutions, and then derives the DFT results from the circular convolution results. When applied to a DFT over GF(2^m), this algorithm has a very low multiplicative complexity. In practice, since there usually exist efficient algorithms for circular convolutions with specific lengths, this algorithm is very efficient. Background The discrete Fourier transform over finite fields finds widespread application in the decoding of error-correcting codes such as BCH codes and Reed–Solomon codes. Generalized from the complex field, a discrete Fourier transform of a sequence \_^ over a finite field GF(''p''''m'') is defined as :F_j=\sum_^f_i\alpha^, 0\le j\le N-1, where \alpha is the ''N''-th primitive root of 1 in GF(''p''''m''). If we define the polynomial representation of \_^ as : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coding Theory
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data. There are four types of coding: # Data compression (or ''source coding'') # Error control (or ''channel coding'') # Cryptographic coding # Line coding Data compression attempts to remove unwanted redundancy from the data from a source in order to transmit it more efficiently. For example, ZIP data compression makes data files smaller, for purposes such as to reduce Internet traffic. Data compression a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BCH Code
In coding theory, the Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH codes) form a class of cyclic error-correcting codes that are constructed using polynomials over a finite field (also called ''Galois field''). BCH codes were invented in 1959 by French mathematician Alexis Hocquenghem, and independently in 1960 by Raj Chandra Bose and D.K. Ray-Chaudhuri. The name ''Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem'' (and the acronym ''BCH'') arises from the initials of the inventors' surnames (mistakenly, in the case of Ray-Chaudhuri). One of the key features of BCH codes is that during code design, there is a precise control over the number of symbol errors correctable by the code. In particular, it is possible to design binary BCH codes that can correct multiple bit errors. Another advantage of BCH codes is the ease with which they can be decoded, namely, via an algebraic method known as syndrome decoding. This simplifies the design of the decoder for these codes, using small low-pow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
