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Non-representative Democracy
Liquid democracy is a form of delegative democracy, whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through direct participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both direct and representative democracy. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues ''à la'' direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf à la representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". This delegation of votes may be absolute (an individual divests their vote to someone else across all issues), policy-specific (an individual divests their vote to someone only when the vote concerns a certain issue), time-sensitive (an individual decides to divest their vote f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proxy Voting
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence. The representative may be another member of the same body, or external. A person so designated is called a "proxy" and the person designating them is called a "principal". Proxy appointments can be used to form a voting bloc that can exercise greater influence in deliberations or negotiations. Proxy voting is a particularly important practice with respect to corporations; in the United States, investment advisers often vote proxies on behalf of their client accounts. A related topic is liquid democracy, a family of electoral systems where votes are transferable and grouped by voters, candidates or combination of both to create proportional representation, and delegated democracy. Another related topic is the so-called Proxy Plan, or interactive representation electoral system whereby elected representatives would wield ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LiquidFeedback
LiquidFeedback is free software for political opinion formation and decision making, combining aspects of representative and direct democracy. Its most important feature is the implementation of a delegated voting system ("liquid democracy") which is to establish a new form of political representation and participation that takes into account the knowledge disparity of its participants. The software offers much promise but also faces many threats. Description LiquidFeedback helps groups (such as societies or organizations, political or not) make decisions, without the limitations of a traditional Internet forum. It aims to create an accurate representation of the opinions held by the members of the group without them being distorted by social hierarchies and knowledge disparities. Each individual is encouraged to further their own initiatives within the limitations set by the operators. The proxy voting feature creates power structures similar to representative democracy, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Representation
Direct representation or proxy representation is a form of representative democracy where voters can vote for any candidate in the land, and each representative's vote is weighted in proportion to the number of citizens who have chosen that candidate to represent them. This is in contrast to other conventional forms of representative democracy, such as the winner-take-all system, where the winner of a plurality of votes in a given district, party or other grouping of voters, goes on to represent all voters in that group, or the proportional representation system where the number of representatives allotted to each party or political faction is roughly in proportion to the number of voters supporting each faction. Direct representation is seen by its supporters as an optimal compromise between pure direct democracy and conventional representative democracy, as legislative decisions will more closely reflect the pure will of the people yet will still be carried out by a "wise", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trustee Model Of Representation
The trustee model of representation is a model of a representative democracy, frequently contrasted with the delegate model of representation. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy In this model, Electoral district, constituents elect their representatives as 'trustees' for their constituency. These 'trustees' have Wiktionary:autonomy, autonomy to deliberate and act as they see fit, in their own conscience even if it means going against the explicit desires of their constituents; this is also called a free mandate. By contrast, in the delegate model, the representative is expected to act strictly in accordance with the beliefs of their constituents. History This model was formulated by Edmund Burke (1729–17 ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delegate Model Of Representation
The delegate model of representation is a model of a representative democracy. In this model, constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency/state and have no autonomy from the constituency only the autonomy to vote for the actual representatives of the state. This model does not provide representatives the luxury of acting in their own conscience and is bound by imperative mandate. Essentially, the representative acts as the voice of those who are (literally) not present. History This model was contested by Edmund Burke (1729–1797), an Irish philosopher, who supported the alternative trustee model of representation. His famous refusal to accept instructions from his Bristol electors was necessitated by his conscientious objection to voting in Parliament for laws supporting their lucrative and immoral slave trade. The delegate model of representation is made use of i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collaborative Filtering
Collaborative filtering (CF) is a technique used by recommender systems.Francesco Ricci and Lior Rokach and Bracha ShapiraIntroduction to Recommender Systems Handbook Recommender Systems Handbook, Springer, 2011, pp. 1-35 Collaborative filtering has two senses, a narrow one and a more general one. In the newer, narrower sense, collaborative filtering is a method of making automatic predictions (filtering) about the interests of a user by collecting preferences or taste information from many users (collaborating). The underlying assumption of the collaborative filtering approach is that if a person ''A'' has the same opinion as a person ''B'' on an issue, A is more likely to have B's opinion on a different issue than that of a randomly chosen person. For example, a collaborative filtering recommendation system for preferences in television programming could make predictions about which television show a user should like given a partial list of that user's tastes (likes or dislikes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LiquidFriesland
LiquidFriesland was an online platform of the Landkreis Friesland, through which a new form of Citizen participation was to be realized. What was new about LiquidFriesland was in particular the linking of forms of online democracy with the Kommunalverfassung prescribed by Landesrecht. The citizen participation platform launched on November 9, 2012. With the help of the LiquidFeedback program, the aim was to support the process of democratic will formation and decision-making. Citizens of the Friesland district were able to gain personal access to the program from the age of 16 and participate in Discourse on projects for which the district is responsible as a territorial authority, as well as in voting on these projects. LiquidFriesland was established by the district council of the county on the initiative of Sven Ambrosy ( SPD) unanimously decided. The district council resorted to a model of democracy originating in the United States, which was first discussed in Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of , with a population of almost 84 million within its 16 constituent states. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friesland (district)
Friesland is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southeast and clockwise) the districts of Wesermarsch, Ammerland, Leer and Wittmund, and by the North Sea. The city of Wilhelmshaven is enclosed by—but not part of—the district. History The Frisian region was ruled by local chieftains until the 15th century; see East Frisia for details. In 1438 in the northern part of today's Landkreis Friesland the Lordship of Jever was founded. East Frisia was from then on regarded as a hostile territory, and many skirmishes between Jever and East Frisia took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. The last ruler of Jever was Mary of Jever, who ruled until 1575. After her death Jever became a part of Oldenburg, but East Frisia made a claim for the territory as well. In the following decades East Frisia tried to block all roads between Jever and Oldenburg. It was not before the 17th century that the hostilities between East Frisia and Oldenburg e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vienna University Of Technology
TU Wien (TUW; german: Technische Universität Wien; still known in English as the Vienna University of Technology from 1975–2014) is one of the major universities in Vienna, Austria. The university finds high international and domestic recognition in teaching as well as in research, and it is a highly esteemed partner of innovation-oriented enterprises. It currently has about 28,100 students (29% women), eight faculties and about 5,000 staff members (3,800 academics). The university's teaching and research is focused on engineering, computer science, and natural sciences. History The institution was founded in 1815 by Emperor Francis I of Austria as the '' k.k. Polytechnische Institut'' (Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute). The first rector was Johann Joseph von Prechtl. It was renamed the ''Technische Hochschule'' (College of Technology) in 1872. When it began granting doctoral and higher degrees in 1975, it was renamed the ''Technische Universität Wien'' (Vienna Univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Democrats (Sweden)
The Direct Democrats ( sv, Direktdemokraterna, DD) is a Swedish non-affiliated neutral political party, based on the principles of liquid democracy, a form of direct democracy. The Direct Democrats believe that the electorate should be able to directly influence their DD representatives by voting on political issues and policy proposals through the Internet. The party received 0.08% of the vote in the 2018 general election, making it the fourth largest party with no representation in the Riksdag. History The Direct Democrats party was approved by the Swedish Election Authority April 4, 2014. This new party was a merger of three direct democracy parties; Demoex Demoex, an appellation short for '' democracy experiment'', is a local Swedish political party and an experiment with direct democracy in Vallentuna, a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden. It uses the Internet to make it possible for any member to partic ..., Aktiv Demokrati, and Äkta Demokrati. DD's short-term goal was to i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pirate Party
Pirate Party is a label adopted by Political party, political parties around the world. Pirate parties support Civil and political rights, civil rights, direct democracy (including e-democracy) or alternatively Participatory democracy, participation in government, reform of copyright and patent law, free sharing of knowledge (open content), information privacy, Transparency (behavior), transparency, freedom of information, free speech, Political corruption, anti-corruption and net neutrality. The name ''pirate party'' alludes to online piracy; pirate parties do not represent oceangoing Piracy, pirates. Pirate parties are often considered outside of the economic left-right spectrum or to have context-dependent appeal.Simon, Otjes (22nd January 2019)All on the same boat? Voting for pirate parties in comparative perspective Political Studies Association, 2020, Vol. 40(1) no. 38–53 SAGE Publishing. Page 49: "This indicates that instead of not appealing along left-right lines at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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