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Nuclear Power In Romania
Romania currently has 1,400 MW of nuclear power capacity by means of one active nuclear power plant with 2 reactors, which constitutes around 18% of the national power generation capacity of the country. This makes Romania the 24th largest user of nuclear power in the world. Cernavodă nuclear plant In 1977 the Romanian Government signed a contract with AECL to build a five unit nuclear power plant in Cernavodă using Canadian CANDU reactor technology. The heavy water reactor design uses heavy water (produced at Drobeta-Turnu Severin) as its neutron moderator and water from the Danube for cooling. Construction started on the five reactors in 1980. Currently the plant has two fully operational reactors and another three reactors that are partially finished. Unit One took 16 years to build, completed in 1996. It produces 705.6 MW of electricity. Unit Two took 27 years to build, achieving initial criticality in 2007 and produces 706 MW of electricity. Unit Three and Unit F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant
The Nuclear Power Plant in Cernavodă ( ro, Centrala Nucleară de la Cernavodă) is the only nuclear power plant in Romania. It produces around 20% of the country's electricity. It uses CANDU reactor technology from AECL, using heavy water produced at Drobeta-Turnu Severin as its neutron moderator and as its coolant agent. The Danube water is not used for cooling of the active zone (nuclear fuel). By using nuclear power, Romania is able to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by over 10 million tonnes each year. The project began in 1978, and the power plant was designed in Canada by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in the 1980s, and was contracted during the Communist era. The initial plan was to build four units, and schedule their startup from 1985 onward. A fifth unit was subsequently planned on the direct orders of Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu during a visit to the site. The plant's originally planned units 1 to 4 are in a neat line and unit 5 is offset due to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neutron Moderator
In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of uranium-235 or other fissile isotope by colliding with their atomic nucleus. Water (sometimes called "light water" in this context) is the most commonly used moderator (roughly 75% of the world's reactors). Solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors) are the main alternatives. Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility. Moderation Neutrons are normally bound into an atomic nucleus, and do not exist free for long in nature. The unbound neutron has a half-life of 10 minutes and 11 seconds. The release of neutrons from the nucleus requires exceeding the binding energy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China General Nuclear Power Group
China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) (), formerly China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (), is a Chinese state-owned energy corporation under the SASAC of the State Council. In China, CGN operates nuclear plants at Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant, Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant and Ningde Nuclear Power Plant, with five new nuclear power stations under construction and another two planned. CGN operates in wind energy and solar energy, as well as hydroelectricity. CGN operates power generation plant of the following capacities: nuclear 8.3 GW, wind 4.7 GW, hydro 4.0 GW and solar 600 MW. History China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Co., Ltd. (CGNPC) was established in September 1994 with a registered capital of RMB 10.2 billion with nuclear power as its core business. With CGNPC as its core enterprise, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG) comprises more than twenty wholly owned or controlling subsidiaries. In April 2009, a fund run by Chi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GDF Suez
Engie SA is a French multinational utility company, headquartered in La Défense, Courbevoie, which operates in the fields of energy transition, electricity generation and distribution, natural gas, nuclear, renewable energy and petroleum. It is one of the few players in the sector to develop expert skills in both upstream (engineering, purchasing, operation, maintenance) and downstream (waste management, dismantling) activities. Engie supplies electricity in 27 countries in Europe and 48 countries worldwide. The company, formed on 22 July 2008 by the merger of Gaz de France and Suez, traces its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal. As of 2018, Engie employed 158,505 people worldwide with revenues of €60.6 billion. Engie is listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris and Brussels and is a constituent of the CAC 40 index. Engie was headed from 2016 to 2020 by Isabelle Kocher, who strongly transformed the company, nota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maintenance, Repair And Operations
The technical meaning of maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery, building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial, business, and residential installations. Over time, this has come to include multiple wordings that describe various cost-effective practices to keep equipment operational; these activities occur either before or after a failure. Definitions Maintenance functions can defined as maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), and MRO is also used for maintenance, repair and operations. Over time, the terminology of maintenance and MRO has begun to become standardized. The United States Department of Defense uses the following definitions:Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 and from the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms * Any activity—such as tests, measurements, replacements, adjustments, and repairs—intended to retain or restore a fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ENEL
Enel S.p.A. is an Italian Multinational corporation, multinational manufacturer and distributor of electricity and gas. Enel, which originally stood for Ente nazionale per l'energia elettrica (National Electricity Board), was first established as a public body at the end of 1962, and then transformed into a limited company in 1992. In 1999, following the liberalisation of the electricity market in Italy, Enel was privatised. The Italian state, through the Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy), Ministry of Economy and Finance, is the main shareholder, with 23.6% of the share capital as of 1 April 2016. Enel is the 73rd largest company in the world by revenue, with 88 billion in 2021. As of 2018, Enel is also the second largest power company in the world by revenue after the State Grid Corporation of China. The company is quoted on the FTSE MIB index on the Milan Stock Exchange. History 1898–1962: Towards a national policy for electricity In 1898, the production of elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euro
The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . The euro is divided into 100 cents. The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union, by four European microstates that are not EU members, the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo. Outside Europe, a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro. As of 2013, the euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iberdrola
Iberdrola () is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Spain. Iberdrola has a workforce of around 34,000 employees serving around 31.67 million customers. Subsidiaries include Scottish Power (United Kingdom) and a significant part of Avangrid (United States), amongst others. In 2013, the largest shareholder of the company was Qatar Investment Holding. Other significant shareholders included Norges Bank, Kutxabank and CaixaBank (formerly Bankia). Iberdrola, a global energy company, is the second biggest producer of wind power after Ørsted by revenue and market capitalisation. It is the world's third electricity utility by market capitalisation. It has subsidiaries in numerous countries, mainly in Spain, United Kingdom (Scottish Power), United States (Avangrid), Brazil (Neoenergia), Mexico, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Australia and France. History Early history Iberdrola was created on November 1, 1992, from the merger between Hidroeléc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enel
Enel S.p.A. is an Italian Multinational corporation, multinational manufacturer and distributor of electricity and gas. Enel, which originally stood for Ente nazionale per l'energia elettrica (National Electricity Board), was first established as a public body at the end of 1962, and then transformed into a limited company in 1992. In 1999, following the liberalisation of the electricity market in Italy, Enel was privatised. The Italian state, through the Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy), Ministry of Economy and Finance, is the main shareholder, with 23.6% of the share capital as of 1 April 2016. Enel is the 73rd largest company in the world by revenue, with 88 billion in 2021. As of 2018, Enel is also the second largest power company in the world by revenue after the State Grid Corporation of China. The company is quoted on the FTSE MIB index on the Milan Stock Exchange. History 1898–1962: Towards a national policy for electricity In 1898, the production of elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrabel
Electrabel SA is a Belgian energy corporation. It is a subsidiary of French multinational utility company Engie S.A. (formerly GDF Suez). History Electrabel was established in 1905. Its actual name originates from 1990, after the regrouping of the companies Intercom, EBES and Unerg. For a long time a majority stake in Electrabel was held by the French company Suez. In 2005, Suez increased its stake to 96.7% and a squeeze-out of the remaining shareholders was completed on 10 July 2007, when the company was delisted from the stock exchange. Following Suez's 2008 merger with Gaz de France, Electrabel became a subsidiary of GDF Suez, which changed its name into Engie in 2015. Operations Electrabel is active in the Benelux market. It generates electricity and heat, and supplies electricity and natural gas to six million customers. In 2008, Electrabel sold 97.4 TWh of electricity and 72 TWh of natural gas. It is the largest electricity producer in the Netherlands and Belgium, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CEZ Group
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CEZ stands for: * one of Falconbridge Ltd.'s refineries * a Czech news channel * IATA airport code for Cortez Municipal Airport * CEZ Group, a Czech energy company * The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Zone of Alienation, Belarusian: Хона адчужэння Чарнобыльскай АЭС, ''Zona adčužennia Čarnobyĺskaj AES'', russian: Зона отчуждения Чернобыльской АЭС ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal S.A. is a Luxembourgian multinational steel manufacturing corporation headquartered in Luxembourg City. It was formed in 2006 from the takeover and merger of Arcelor by Indian-owned Mittal Steel. ArcelorMittal is the second largest steel producer in the world, with an annual crude steel production of 88 million metric tonnes . It is ranked 197th in the 2022 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's largest corporations. It employs directly and indirectly 200,000 people and its market capital is $25 billion. The total value of company assets is estimated to be around $100 billion. Products and activities The company is involved in research and development, mining, and steel. ArcelorMittal in 2016 produced around 90 million tons of steel. As of May 2017, the company made 200 unique steel grades for automotive purposes, half of which were introduced since 2007. Among the steel varieties are Usibor 2000, which the company announced in June 2016 and released later th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
