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North Sarawakan Languages
The North Sarawakan languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in the northeastern part of the province of Sarawak, Borneo, and proposed in Blust (1991, 2010). ;North Sarawakan languages *Kenyah * Dayic languages (Apo Duat) * Berawan–Lower Baram *''Bintulu'' ''Ethnologue'' 16 adds Punan Tubu as an additional branch, and notes that Bintulu might be closest to Baram. The Melanau–Kajang languages were removed in Blust 2010. The Northern Sarawak languages are well known for strange phonological histories. Classification Smith (2017)Smith, Alexander. 2017. ''The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification''. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. classifies the North Sarawakan languages as follows. *Bintulu * Berawan–Lower Baram **Berawan (various dialects) **Lower Baram (Miri, Kiput, Narum, Belait, Lelak, Lemeting, Dali’) * Dayic **Kelabit (Bario, Pa’ Dalih, Tring, Sa’ban, Long Seridan, Long Napir) **Lun Dayeh (Long Bawan, Long Semad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of Borneo) to the south, and Brunei in the north. The capital city, Kuching, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Malaysia, Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of 2021, the population of Sarawak was estimated to be around 2.45 million. Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra. The island is politically divided among three countries: Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory. In the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. The population in Borneo is 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Additionally, the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on a small island just off the coast of Borneo. The sovereign state of Brunei, located on the north coast, comprises about 1% of Borneo's land area. A little more than half of the island is in the Northern Hemisphere, including Brunei and the Malaysian portion, while the Indonesian portion spans the Northern and Southern hemisph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malayo-Polynesian Languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesian and Philippine Archipelago) and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula. Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan serve as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken in the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier. The languages spoken south-westward from central Micronesia until Easter Island are sometimes referred to as the Polynesian languages. Many languages of the Malayo-Polynesian family show the strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic, as the western part of the region has been a stronghold of Hinduism, Buddhism, and, later, Islam. Two morphological characteristics of the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Bornean Languages
The Greater North Borneo languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The subgroup covers languages that are spoken throughout much of Borneo (excluding the southeastern area where the Greater Barito languages are spoken), as well as parts of Sumatra and Java, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by Robert Blust (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in Southeast Asia, including Malay/Indonesian and related Malayic languages such as Minangkabau, Banjar and Iban; as well as Sundanese and Acehnese. In Borneo itself, the largest non-Malayic GNB language in terms of the number of speakers is Central Dusun, mainly spoken in Sabah. Since Greater North Borneo also includes the Malayic, Chamic, and Sundanese languages, it is incompatible with Alexander Adelaar's Malayo-S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenyah Languages
The Kenyah languages are a group of half a dozen or so closely related languages spoken by the Kenyah peoples of Borneo. They are: : Kenyah proper (a dialect cluster, incl. Madang), Sebob, Tutoh (Long Wat), Wahau Kenyah, Uma’ Lung / Uma’ Lasan. ''Ethnologue'' says that the Punan–Nibong languages are related to Uma’ Lasan, ''Glottolog'' that they are outside the Kenyah languages. Classification Soriente (2008) proposes a Kayan-Kenyah grouping. *Proto–Kayan-Kenyah **Kenyah *** Upper Pujungan ***Usun Apau **Penan *** West Penan *** East Penan ** Kayanic *** Lebu Kulit *** Mboh *** Ngorek *** Kayan However, Smith (2015) rejects Soriente's grouping, and argues that Kenyah and Kayan are separate groups. Smith (2015) proposes the following classification.Smith, Alexander D. "On the Classification of Kenyah and Kayanic Languages." In ''Oceanic Linguistics'', Volume 54, Number 2, December 2015, pp. 333-357. *Proto-Kenyah **Highland ***Highland A dialects: Lepo Gah, Lep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apo Duat Languages
The Apo Duat or Dayic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by the Kelabit people, Kelabit, Lun Bawang, and related peoples. They are: *Kelabitic: Kelabit language, Kelabit, Lengilu language, Lengilu, Sa'ban language, Sa'ban, Tring language, Tring *Lundayeh language, Lundayeh: Lun Bawang, Adang, Balait, Kolur, Lepu Potng, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Padas, Trusan Putoh language, Putoh may be an additional language, or it may be a dialect of Lundayeh. References Apo Duat languages, {{au-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berawan–Lower Baram Languages
The Berawan – Lower Baram languages are a group of half a dozen languages spoken in Borneo. Languages *Berawan Berawan is an Austronesian language of Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordere ... *Lower Baram: Belait, Kiput, Lelak, Narom, Tutong References {{austronesian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bintulu Language
Bintulu or Vaie is an Austronesian language of Borneo. Robert Blust leaves it as an isolate within the North Sarawakan languages. ''Ethnologue'' notes that it might be closest to Baram within those languages. References External links * Paradisec has an open access collection oBintulu language recordingsmade by Robert Blust. * Kaipuleohone Kaipuleohone is a digital ethnographic archive that houses audio and visual files, photographs, as well as hundreds of textual material such as notes, dictionaries, and transcriptions relating to small and endangered languages. The archive is stored ... also has archived materials of Bintulu. * Vaie words in the Malay Wiktionary North Sarawakan languages Languages of Malaysia Endangered Austronesian languages {{Austronesian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punan Tubu Language
Punan Tubu is one of several Punan Punan Bah or Punan is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they hav ... languages of Indonesian Borneo. References Punan languages Languages of Indonesia Endangered Austronesian languages {{au-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanau–Kajang Languages
The Melanau–Kajang languages or Central Sarawak languages are a group of languages spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia, by the Melanau, Kenyah, and related peoples. Classification Smith (2017) Smith (2017)Smith, Alexander. 2017. ''The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification''. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. uses the term ''Central Sarawak'', and puts it as an independent branch within the Greater North Borneo subgroup. He classifies the languages as follows. *Melanau (Dalat, Sarikei, Mukah, Balingian, Matu, Sibu, Kanowit) *Kajang ( Kejaman, Sekapan, Lahanan) *Punan–Müller-Schwaner **Punan Punan Bah or Punan is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they ha ... ***Punan Bah, Punan Tubu, Sajau ***Punan Lisum, Punan Aput, Beketan, Ukit, Buket **Müller-Schwaner *** Hovonga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
