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Normality Histogram
Normality may refer to: Mathematics, probability, and statistics * Asymptotic normality, in mathematics and statistics * Complete normality or normal space, * Log-normality, in probability theory * Normality (category theory) * Normality (statistics) or normal distribution, in probability theory * Normality tests, used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution Science * Normality (behavior), the property of conforming to a norm * Normality (chemistry), the equivalent concentration of a solution * Principle of normality, in solid mechanics Other uses * ''Normality'' (video game), a 1996 adventure video game by Gremlin Interactive * Normality bias, a belief people hold when considering the possibility of a disaster See also * Normal (other) * Return to normalcy "Return to normalcy" was a campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding during the 1920 United States presidential election. Harding would go on to win the election with 60.4% of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asymptotic Normality
In mathematics and statistics, an asymptotic distribution is a probability distribution that is in a sense the "limiting" distribution of a sequence of distributions. One of the main uses of the idea of an asymptotic distribution is in providing approximations to the cumulative distribution functions of statistical estimators. Definition A sequence of distributions corresponds to a sequence of random variables ''Zi'' for ''i'' = 1, 2, ..., I . In the simplest case, an asymptotic distribution exists if the probability distribution of ''Zi'' converges to a probability distribution (the asymptotic distribution) as ''i'' increases: see convergence in distribution. A special case of an asymptotic distribution is when the sequence of random variables is always zero or ''Zi'' = 0 as ''i'' approaches infinity. Here the asymptotic distribution is a degenerate distribution, corresponding to the value zero. However, the most usual sense in which the term asymptotic distribution is used aris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Normality
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space ''X'' that satisfies Axiom T4: every two disjoint closed sets of ''X'' have disjoint open neighborhoods. A normal Hausdorff space is also called a T4 space. These conditions are examples of separation axioms and their further strengthenings define completely normal Hausdorff spaces, or T5 spaces, and perfectly normal Hausdorff spaces, or T6 spaces. Definitions A topological space ''X'' is a normal space if, given any disjoint closed sets ''E'' and ''F'', there are neighbourhoods ''U'' of ''E'' and ''V'' of ''F'' that are also disjoint. More intuitively, this condition says that ''E'' and ''F'' can be separated by neighbourhoods. A T4 space is a T1 space ''X'' that is normal; this is equivalent to ''X'' being normal and Hausdorff. A completely normal space, or , is a topological space ''X'' such that every subspace of ''X'' with subspace topology is a normal space. It turns out t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Log-normality
In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable is log-normally distributed, then has a normal distribution. Equivalently, if has a normal distribution, then the exponential function of , , has a log-normal distribution. A random variable which is log-normally distributed takes only positive real values. It is a convenient and useful model for measurements in exact and engineering sciences, as well as medicine, economics and other topics (e.g., energies, concentrations, lengths, prices of financial instruments, and other metrics). The distribution is occasionally referred to as the Galton distribution or Galton's distribution, after Francis Galton. The log-normal distribution has also been associated with other names, such as McAlister, Gibrat and Cobb–Douglas. A log-normal process is the statistical realization of the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality (category Theory)
In category theory and its applications to mathematics, a normal monomorphism or conormal epimorphism is a particularly well-behaved type of morphism. A normal category is a category in which every monomorphism is normal. A conormal category is one in which every epimorphism is conormal. Definition A monomorphism is normal if it is the kernel of some morphism, and an epimorphism is conormal if it is the cokernel of some morphism. A category C is binormal if it's both normal and conormal. But note that some authors will use the word "normal" only to indicate that C is binormal. Examples In the category of groups, a monomorphism ''f'' from ''H'' to ''G'' is normal if and only if its image is a normal subgroup In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup N of the group G i ... of ''G''. In parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality (statistics)
In statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is : f(x) = \frac e^ The parameter \mu is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter \sigma is its standard deviation. The variance of the distribution is \sigma^2. A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed, and is called a normal deviate. Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known. Their importance is partly due to the central limit theorem. It states that, under some conditions, the average of many samples (observations) of a random variable with finite mean and variance is itself a random variable—whose distribution converges to a normal dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality Tests
In statistics, normality tests are used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set to be normally distributed. More precisely, the tests are a form of model selection, and can be interpreted several ways, depending on one's interpretations of probability: * In descriptive statistics terms, one measures a goodness of fit of a normal model to the data – if the fit is poor then the data are not well modeled in that respect by a normal distribution, without making a judgment on any underlying variable. * In frequentist statistics statistical hypothesis testing, data are tested against the null hypothesis that it is normally distributed. * In Bayesian statistics, one does not "test normality" per se, but rather computes the likelihood that the data come from a normal distribution with given parameters ''μ'',''σ'' (for all ''μ'',''σ''), and compares that with the likelihood that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality (behavior)
Normality is a behavior that can be normal for an individual (intrapersonal normality) when it is consistent with the most common behavior for that person. Normal is also used to describe individual behavior that conforms to the most common behavior in society (known as conformity). However, normal behavior is often only recognized in contrast to abnormality. In many cases normality is used to make moral judgements, such that normality is seen as good while abnormality is seen as bad, or conversely normality can seen as boring and uninteresting. Someone being seen as normal or not normal can have social ramifications, such as being included, excluded or stigmatized by wider society. Measuring Many difficulties arise in measuring normal behaviors—biologists come across parallel issues when defining normality. One complication that arises regards whether 'normality' is used correctly in everyday language. People say "this heart is abnormal" if only a portion of it is not working ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality (chemistry)
In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality (N) of a solution is defined as the molar concentration ''ci'' divided by an equivalence factor ''f''eq: :Normality = Definition Normality is defined as the number of gramme or mole equivalents of solute present in one litre of solution. The SI unit of normality is Eq/L. Normality formula :Normality (N) = Weight of Solute (in gm) / (Equivalent Weight of Solute × Volume of the Solution (in liters))https://clavick.com/normality/ Usage There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution: *In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydroxide ions (OH−) in a solution. Here, is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more equivalents of reactive species when dissolved. *In redox reactions, the equivalence factor describes the number of electrons that an oxidizing or reducing agent can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principle Of Normality
The Principle of normality in solid mechanics states that if a normal to the yield locus is constructed at the point of yielding, the strains that result from yielding are in the same ratio as the stress Stress may refer to: Science and medicine * Stress (biology), an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition * Stress (linguistics), relative emphasis or prominence given to a syllable in a word, or to a word in a phrase ... components of the normal. References {{Reflist Solid mechanics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality (video Game)
''Normality'' is a 3D graphic adventure, released in June 1996 by Gremlin Interactive. All cut-scenes in the game are pre-rendered. The game's engine was later used in the game ''Realms of the Haunting''. It was re-released in 2011 with Microsoft Windows support on GOG.com, with macOS support following in 2013 and Linux support in 2014. Plot The story revolves around Kent Knutson, a rebellious teenager in the city of Neutropolis, from which various places take up the setting of the game. Neutropolis, a once thriving and vibrant city, is now a dark and polluted police state in which any kind of fun is prohibited. When the game begins, Kent is released after having been imprisoned by the "Norms", the city's police force, for whistling a happy tune while walking down the street. While in prison, he receives a note from an anonymous inmate telling him about the underground insurrection group that he might want to join. After being released from jail, the player starts the game in Ke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normality Bias
Normalcy bias, or normality bias, is a cognitive bias which leads people to disbelieve or minimize threat warnings. Consequently, individuals underestimate the likelihood of a disaster, when it might affect them, and its potential adverse effects. The normalcy bias causes many people to not adequately prepare for natural disasters, market crashes, and calamities caused by human error. About 70% of people reportedly display normalcy bias during a disaster. Cites: * * * * The normalcy bias can manifest in response to warnings about disasters and actual catastrophes. Such disasters include market crashes, motor vehicle accidents, natural disasters like a tsunami, and war. Normalcy bias has also been called ''analysis paralysis'', ''the ostrich effect'', and by first responders, ''the negative panic''. The opposite of normalcy bias is overreaction, or worst-case scenario bias,Schneier, Bruce"Worst-case thinking makes us nuts, not safe" CNN, May 12, 2010 (retrieved April 18, 2014); rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normal (other)
Normal(s) or The Normal(s) may refer to: Film and television * ''Normal'' (2003 film), starring Jessica Lange and Tom Wilkinson * ''Normal'' (2007 film), starring Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, and Andrew Airlie * ''Normal'' (2009 film), an adaptation of Anthony Neilson's 1991 play ''Normal: The Düsseldorf Ripper'' * '' Normal!'', a 2011 Algerian film * ''The Normals'' (film), a 2012 American comedy film * "Normal" (''New Girl''), an episode of the TV series Mathematics * Normal (geometry), an object such as a line or vector that is perpendicular to a given object * Normal basis (of a Galois extension), used heavily in cryptography * Normal bundle * Normal cone, of a subscheme in algebraic geometry * Normal coordinates, in differential geometry, local coordinates obtained from the exponential map (Riemannian geometry) * Normal distribution, the Gaussian continuous probability distribution * Normal equations, describing the solution of the linear l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
