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Non Liquet
In law, a ''non liquet'' (commonly known as "wikt:lacuna, lacuna in the law") is any situation where there is no applicable law. ''Non liquet'' translates into English from Latin as "it is not clear". According to Cicero, the term was applied during the Roman Republic to a verdict of "not proven" where the guilt or innocence of the accused was "not clear". Strictly, a finding of non liquet could result in a decision that the matter will always remain non-justiciable, whereas a lacuna denotes within that concept a lacking hence that the matter should in future be governed by law. Loopholes are a subset of lacunae. A lacuna describes every specific matter about which no law exists, but a body of public, judicial or academic opinion believes it should, to address a particular issue (often described as "unregulated" or "wholly inadequately regulated" activities or areas). A loophole, where properly defined by contrast, denotes that a set of laws addressing a certain issue exists, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
G(012)
G, or g, is the seventh Letter (alphabet), letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is English alphabet#Letter names, ''gee'' (pronounced ), plural ''gees''. History The letter 'G' was introduced in the History of the Latin alphabet#Old Latin period, Old Latin period as a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced from voiceless . The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter G to the teaching of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC: he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 BCE. At this time, 'K' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both and before open vowels, had come to express in all environments. Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that alphabetic order related to the letters' values as Greek numerals was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. Ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venn A Subset B
Venn is a surname and a given name. It may refer to: Given name * Venn Eyre (died 1777), Archdeacon of Carlisle, Cumbria, England * Venn Pilcher (1879–1961), Anglican bishop, writer, and translator of hymns * Venn Young (1929–1993), New Zealand politician Surname * Albert Venn (1867–1908), American lacrosse player * Anne Venn (1620s–1654), English religious radical and diarist * Blair Venn, Australian actor * Charles Venn (born 1973), British actor * Harry Venn (1844–1908), Australian politician * Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society) the younger (1796-1873), secretary of the Church Missionary Society, grandson of Henry Venn * Henry Venn (Clapham Sect) the elder (1725–1797), English evangelical minister * Horace Venn (1892–1953), English cricketer * John Venn (1834–1923), British logician and the inventor of Venn diagrams, son of Henry Venn the younger * John Venn (academic) (died 1687), English academic administrator * John Venn (politician) (1586–1650), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ex Aequo Et Bono
''Ex aequo et bono'' (Latin for "according to the right and good" or "from equity and conscience") is a Latin phrase that is used as a legal term of art. In the context of arbitration, it refers to the power of arbitrators to dispense with consideration of the law but consider solely what they consider to be fair and equitable in the case at hand. However, a decision ''ex aequo et bono'' is distinguished from a decision on the basis of equity (''equity intra legem''), "Whereas an authorisation to decide a question ''ex aequo et bono'' is an authorisation to decide without deference to the rules of law, an authorisation to decide on a basis of equity does not dispense the judge from giving a decision based upon law, even though the law be modified". Article 38(2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) provides that the court may decide cases ''ex aequo et bono'' only if the parties agree. In 1984, the ICJ decided a case using "equitable criteria" in creating a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estoppel
Estoppel is a judicial device in common law legal systems whereby a court may prevent or "estop" a person from making assertions or from going back on his or her word; the person being sanctioned is "estopped". Estoppel may prevent someone from bringing a particular claim. Legal doctrines of estoppel are based in both common law and equity. It is also a concept in international law. Types of estoppel There are many different types of estoppel which can arise, but the common thread between them is that a person is restrained from asserting a particular position in law where it would be inequitable to do so. By way of illustration: * If a landlord promises the tenant that he will not exercise his right to terminate a lease, and relying upon that promise the tenant spends money improving the premises, the doctrine of ''promissory estoppel'' may prevent the landlord from exercising a right to terminate, even though his promise might not otherwise have been legally binding as a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, And Power Company, Ltd
''Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Ltd'' 970ICJ 1is a public international law case, concerning the abuse of rights. Facts Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Ltd was a corporation incorporated in Canada, with Toronto headquarters, that made and supplied electricity in Spain. It had issued bonds to non-Spanish investors, but during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the Spanish government refused to allow BTLP to transfer currency to pay bondholders the interest that they were due. In 1948, a group of bondholders sued in Spain to declare that BTLP had defaulted on the ground that it had failed to pay the interest. The Spanish court allowed the claim. The business was sold, the surplus distributed to the bondholders, and a small amount was paid to shareholders. The shareholders in Canada succeeded in persuading Canada and other states to complain that Spain had denied justice and violated a series of treaty obligations. However, Canada event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lowest Common Denominator
In mathematics, the lowest common denominator or least common denominator (abbreviated LCD) is the lowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions. It simplifies adding, subtracting, and comparing fractions. Description The lowest common denominator of a set of fractions is the lowest number that is a multiple of all the denominators: their lowest common multiple. The product of the denominators is always a common denominator, as in: : \frac+\frac\;=\;\frac+\frac\;=\;\frac but it is not always the lowest common denominator, as in: : \frac+\frac\;=\;\frac+\frac\;=\;\frac Here, 36 is the least common multiple of 12 and 18. Their product, 216, is also a common denominator, but calculating with that denominator involves larger numbers: : \frac+\frac=\frac+\frac=\frac. With variables rather than numbers, the same principles apply: : \frac+\frac\;=\;\frac+\frac\;=\;\frac Some methods of calculating the LCD are at . Role in arithmetic and algebra The same fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Court Of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; french: Cour internationale de justice, links=no; ), sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordance with international law and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. The ICJ is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between countries, with its rulings and opinions serving as primary sources of international law. The ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 by the League of Nations. After the Second World War, both the league and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The Statute of the ICJ, which sets forth its purpose and structure, draws heavily from that of its predecessor, whose decisions remain valid. All member states of the UN are party to the ICJ Statute and may initiate contentious cases; ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Law
International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights. Scholars distinguish between international legal institutions on the basis of their obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). The sources of international law include international custom (general state practice accepted as law), treaties, and general principles of law recognized by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in international comity—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R V Instan
''R v. Instan'' (1893) 1 QB 450 is an English criminal law manslaughter binding decision, confirming how the ''actus reus'' of that offence can be one of inactive negligence (that is, neglect), as the common law is deemed by analogy (abstraction) to impose a basic duty of care onto an adult who voluntarily undertakes the regular care of another. Here, the patient was a relative, had known-to-the defendant gangrene and had in her home the funds for food to maintain both parties. Its jurisprudential explanations for how the common law is arrived at by such a research and analysis process, not in a vacuum, but rather by reference to strong moral obligations has been widely cited by other leading decisions. It is one of the many appeal-level decisions which inform the variety of acts and omissions sufficient to amount to the offence of gross negligence manslaughter, which subtly changes very slightly as society's codes of morality and professional contexts evolve. Facts The defen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Precedent
A precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules, so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as ''stare decisis'' (a Latin phrase with the literal meaning of "to stand in the-things-that-have-been-decided"). Common-law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (that is, statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies) and subordinate legislation (that is, regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies, in the form of delegated legislation) in UK parlance – or regulatory law (in US parlance). Case law, in common-law jurisdictions, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lacuna
Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work **Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse poetry in the ''Codex Regius'' * Lacuna (music), an intentional, extended passage in a musical work during which no notes are played * Scientific lacuna, an area of science that has not been studied but has potential to be studied * Lacuna or accidental gap, in linguistics, a word that does not exist but which would be permitted by the rules of a language * Lacuna, in law, largely overlapping a ''non liquet'' ("it is not clear"), a gap (in the law) In medicine * Lacuna (histology), a small space containing an osteocyte in bone, or chondrocyte in cartilage * Muscular lacuna, a lateral compartment of the thigh * Vascular lacuna, a medial compartment beneath the inguinal ligament * Lacuna magna, the largest of several recesses in the urethra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of England And Wales
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. Principal elements of English law Although the common law has, historically, been the foundation and prime source of English law, the most authoritative law is statutory legislation, which comprises Acts of Parliament, regulations and by-laws. In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of '' stare decisis'' forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage. Common law is made by sitting judges who apply both statutory law and established principles which are derived from the reasoning from earlier decisions. Equity is the other historic source of judge-made law. Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament. Not being a civil law system, it has no comprehensive codification. However, most of its criminal law has been codified from its common law ori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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