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Nicaragua V. Germany
On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) under, ''inter alia'', the Genocide Convention, concerning ''Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in Respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory'' arising from Germany's support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war. It sought the indication of provisional measures of protection including the resumption of suspended German funding of the UNRWA and the cessation of military supplies to Israel. Background On 7 October, Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups attacked Israel. Israel then invaded Gaza. South African application In earlier proceedings before the Court, South Africa alleged that Israel has committed, and is committing, genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, in violation of the Genocide Convention, and places the charges in what it describes as the broader context of Israel's conduct towards Palestinians, including w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Court Of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; french: Cour internationale de justice, links=no; ), sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordance with international law and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. The ICJ is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between countries, with its rulings and opinions serving as primary sources of international law. The ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 by the League of Nations. After the Second World War, both the league and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The Statute of the ICJ, which sets forth its purpose and structure, draws heavily from that of its predecessor, whose decisions remain valid. All member states of the UN are party to the ICJ Statute and may initiate contentious cases; ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Le Monde
''Le Monde'' (; ) is a French daily afternoon newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average circulation of 323,039 copies per issue in 2009, about 40,000 of which were sold abroad. It has had its own website since 19 December 1995, and is often the only French newspaper easily obtainable in non-French-speaking countries. It is considered one of the French newspapers of record, along with '' Libération'', and ''Le Figaro''. It should not be confused with the monthly publication '' Le Monde diplomatique'', of which ''Le Monde'' has 51% ownership, but which is editorially independent. A Reuters Institute poll in 2021 in France found that "''Le Monde'' is the most trusted national newspaper". ''Le Monde'' was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris, and published continuously since its first edit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Foreign Office
, logo = DEgov-AA-Logo en.svg , logo_width = 260 px , image = Auswaertiges Amt Berlin Eingang.jpg , picture_width = 300px , image_caption = Entrance to the Foreign Office building , headquarters = Werderscher Markt 110117 Berlin , formed = , jurisdiction = Government of Germany , employees = 11,652 Foreign Service staff5,622 local employees , budget = €6.302 billion (2021) , minister1_name = Annalena Baerbock , minister1_pfo = Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs , chief1_name = Anna Lührmann , chief1_position = Minister of State for Europe at the Foreign Office , chief2_name = Katja Keul , chief2_position = Minister of State at the Foreign Office , chief3_name = Tobias Lindner , chief3_position = Minister of State at the Foreign Office , website = The Federal Foreign Office (german: Auswärtiges Amt, ), abbreviated AA, is the foreign ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany, a federal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Note Verbale
Diplomatic correspondence is correspondence between one state and another and is usually of a formal character. It follows several widely observed customs and style in composition, substance, presentation, and delivery and can generally be categorized into letters and notes. Letters Letters are correspondence between heads of state, typically used for the appointment and recall of ambassadors; for the announcement of the death of a sovereign or an accession to the throne; or for expressions of congratulations or condolence. Letters between two monarchs of equal rank will typically begin with the salutation "Sir My Brother" (or "Madame My Sister", in the case of a female monarch) and close with the valediction "Your Good Brother" (or Sister, in the case of a female monarch). In the case where one monarch is of inferior rank to the other (for instance, if the Grand Duke of Luxembourg were to correspond with the King of the United Kingdom), the inferior monarch will use the salutat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1948 Genocide Convention
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or the Genocide Convention, is an international treaty that criminalizes genocide and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition. It was the first legal instrument to codify genocide as a crime, and the first human rights treaty unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, on 9 December 1948, during the third session of the United Nations General Assembly. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and has 152 state parties . The Genocide Convention was conceived largely in response to World War II, which saw atrocities such as the Holocaust that lacked an adequate description or legal definition. Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who had coined the term genocide in 1944 to describe Nazi policies in occupied Europe and the Armenian genocide, campaigned for its recognition as a crime under international law. This culminated in 1946 in a land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Use Of Human Shields By Hamas
Hamas has been accused of using human shields in the Gaza Strip, purposely attempting to shield itself from Israeli attacks by storing weapons in civilian infrastructure, launching rockets from residential areas, and telling residents to ignore Israeli warnings to flee. Israel has accused Hamas of maintaining command and control bunkers and tunnel infrastructure below hospitals, with some of the accusations being supported by the United States, the European Union, and the United Nations Secretary General. Hamas has denied using civilians and civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, as human shields. Israel has said that Hamas's actions have caused Israel to kill civilians as collateral damage. Human rights groups have said that “even if Hamas were using human shields”, Israel must still abide by international law, especially the principle of proportionality. Janina Dill, a laws of war professor at University of Oxford, stated, "Even if Hamas uses civilians as human s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israel Defence Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; he, צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security apparatus, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff, who is subordinate to the Israeli Defense Minister. On the orders of David Ben-Gurion, the IDF was formed on 26 May 1948 and began to operate as a conscript military, drawing its initial recruits from the already-existing paramilitaries of the Yishuv—namely Haganah, the Irgun, and Lehi. Since its formation shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the IDF has participated in every armed conflict involving Israel. While it originally operated on three major fronts—against Lebanon an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israeli War Cabinet
The Israeli war cabinet was formed on 11 October 2023, five days after the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israel–Hamas war. The opposition party National Unity (Israel), National Unity joined the Thirty-seventh government of Israel, thirty-seventh government led by Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister of Israel, prime minister. Negotiations began immediately after the outbreak of the war. The war cabinet consists of Netanyahu; Yoav Gallant, the Ministry of Defense (Israel), minister of defense; and former Chief of the General Staff (Israel), Chief of the General Staff, Benny Gantz. There are three observers, Gadi Eizenkot, Ron Dermer and Aryeh Deri. Background An armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian political violence, Palestinian militant groups has been taking place since 7 October 2023. Part of the broader Gaza–Israel conflict and following an uptick of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the war began with a 2023 Hamas-led atta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israel–Hamas War Hostage Crisis
On 7 October 2023, as part of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, Hamas-led attack on Israel at the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war, Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups abducted around 250 people from Israel to the Gaza Strip, including children, women, and elderly people. In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages are foreign nationals or have multiple citizenships. The precise ratio of soldiers and civilians among the captives is unknown. The captives are likely being held in different locations in the Gaza Strip. As of January 20, 2024, 110 hostages were returned alive to Israel, with 105 being released in a 2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire, prisoner exchange deal, 4 were released by Hamas unilaterally and 1 hostage was rescued by the IDF. 27 hostages were reportedly killed in Hamas captivity according to Israel, 3 of the hostages were killed by friendly fire from the IDF and the bodies of 8 hostages were repatriated through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Palestinian Rocket Attacks On Israel In 2023
The following is a list of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023. May * May 9–13, 2023: 1,469 rockets and mortar shells fired at Israel, primarily the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. 131 landed in Israeli territory, 291 landed in the Gaza Strip, and 39 fell into the sea. Two people were killed in Israel and several dozen were wounded; extensive property damage was reported. * May 14, 2023: 1 rocket fired at Israel. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad claimed it was a technical malfunction. October * October 7–31, 2023: 8,500 rockets and mortar shells launched at Israel. About 10% of them were failed launches that landed in the Gaza Strip and in the sea. November * November 1–7, 2023: 500 rockets and mortar shells launched at Israel, amounting to more than 9,000 since the beginning of October, and keeping a 10% rate of failed launches that fell inside the Gaza Strip and in the sea. * November 8–12, 2023: Additional 500 rockets and mortar shells launched at Israel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-defence In International Law
Hugo Grotius, the 17th century jurist and father of public international law, stated in his 1625 magnum opus ''The Law of War and Peace'' that "Most Men assign three Just Causes of War, Defence, the Recovery of what's our own, and Punishment." Overview Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter Article 51 of the UN Charter states the following: ''Article 51: Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of collective or individual self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamas
Hamas (, ; , ; an acronym of , "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. It won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and became the ''de facto'' governing authority of the Gaza Strip following the 2007 Battle of Gaza. It also holds a majority in the parliament of the Palestinian National Authority. Canada, the European Union, Israel, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States have designated Hamas as a terrorist organization. New Zealand and Paraguay have designated only its military wing as a terrorist organization. It is not considered a terrorist organization by Brazil, China, Egypt, Iran, Norway, Qatar, Russia, Syria and Turkey. In December 2018, the United Nations General Assembly rejected a U.S. resolution condemning Hamas as a terrorist organization. Hamas leaders Ismail Han ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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