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Nasha Fantastika Magazine
NaSHA is a hash function accepted as a first round SHA-3 candidate for the NIST hash function competition. NaSHA was designed by Smile Markovski and Aleksandra Mileva with contributions by Simona Samardziski (programmer) and Boro Jakimovski (programmer). NaSHA supports internal state sizes of 1024 and 2048 bits, and arbitrary output sizes between 125 and 512 bits. It uses quasigroup string transformations with quasigroups of order 264, defined by extended Feistel networks.S. Markovski, A. Mileva. "Generating huge quasigroups from small non-linear bijections via extended Feistel function". In ''Quasigroups and Related Systems,'' vol. 17, 2009, pp. 91-106. The quasigroups used in every iteration of the compression function are different and depend on the processed message block. The authors claim performance of up to 23.06 cycles per byte on an Intel Core 2 Duo in 64-bit mode. Cryptanalysis during the SHA-3 competition has indicated that 384/512 version of NaSHA is suscepti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hash Function
A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values. The values returned by a hash function are called ''hash values'', ''hash codes'', ''digests'', or simply ''hashes''. The values are usually used to index a fixed-size table called a ''hash table''. Use of a hash function to index a hash table is called ''hashing'' or ''scatter storage addressing''. Hash functions and their associated hash tables are used in data storage and retrieval applications to access data in a small and nearly constant time per retrieval. They require an amount of storage space only fractionally greater than the total space required for the data or records themselves. Hashing is a computationally and storage space-efficient form of data access that avoids the non-constant access time of ordered and unordered lists and structured trees, and the often exponential storage requirements of direct access of state spaces of large or variable-length keys. Use of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NIST Hash Function Competition
The NIST hash function competition was an open competition held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a new hash function called SHA-3 to complement the older SHA-1 and SHA-2. The competition was formally announced in the ''Federal Register'' on November 2, 2007. "NIST is initiating an effort to develop one or more additional hash algorithms through a public competition, similar to the development process for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)." The competition ended on October 2, 2012 when NIST announced that Keccak would be the new SHA-3 hash algorithm. The winning hash function has been published as NIST FIPS 202 the "SHA-3 Standard", to complement FIPS 180-4, the ''Secure Hash Standard''. The NIST competition has inspired other competitions such as the Password Hashing Competition. Process Submissions were due October 31, 2008 and the list of candidates accepted for the first round was published on December 9, 2008. NIST held a conf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smile Markovski
A smile is a facial expression formed primarily by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth. Some smiles include a contraction of the muscles at the corner of the eyes, an action known as a Duchenne smile. Among humans, a smile expresses delight, sociability, happiness, joy, or amusement. It is distinct from a similar but usually involuntary expression of anxiety known as a grimace. Although cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world, there are large differences among different cultures, religions, and societies, with some using smiles to convey confusion or embarrassment. Evolutionary background Primatologist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes, who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless or to signal submission to more dominant group members. The smile may have evolved differently among speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quasigroup
In mathematics, especially in abstract algebra, a quasigroup is an algebraic structure resembling a group in the sense that "division" is always possible. Quasigroups differ from groups mainly in that they need not be associative and need not have an identity element. A quasigroup with an identity element is called a loop. Definitions There are at least two structurally equivalent formal definitions of quasigroup. One defines a quasigroup as a set with one binary operation, and the other, from universal algebra, defines a quasigroup as having three primitive operations. The homomorphic image of a quasigroup defined with a single binary operation, however, need not be a quasigroup. We begin with the first definition. Algebra A quasigroup is a non-empty set ''Q'' with a binary operation ∗ (that is, a magma, indicating that a quasigroup has to satisfy closure property), obeying the Latin square property. This states that, for each ''a'' and ''b'' in ''Q'', there exist uniqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycles Per Byte
Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over the Internet. Classification There are many software products which provide encryption. Software encryption uses a cipher to obscure the content into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is the type of cipher used. Ciphers can be divided into two categories: public key ciphers (also known as asymmetric ciphers), and symmetric key ciphers. Encryption software can be based on either public key or symmetric key encryption. Another way to classify software encryption is to categorize its purpose. Using this approach, software encryption may be classified into software which encrypts "data in transit" and software which encrypts " data at rest". Data in transit generally uses public key ciphers, and data at rest generally uses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collision Attack
In cryptography, a collision attack on a cryptographic hash tries to find two inputs producing the same hash value, i.e. a hash collision. This is in contrast to a preimage attack where a specific target hash value is specified. There are roughly two types of collision attacks: ;Classical collision attack: Find two different messages ''m''1 and ''m''2 such that ''hash''(''m''1) = ''hash''(''m''2). More generally: ;Chosen-prefix collision attack: Given two different prefixes ''p''1 and ''p''2, find two appendages ''m''1 and ''m''2 such that ''hash''(''p''1 ∥ ''m''1) = ''hash''(''p''2 ∥ ''m''2), where ∥ denotes the concatenation operation. Classical collision attack Mathematically stated, a collision attack finds two different messages ''m1'' and ''m2'', such that ''hash(m1)'' = ''hash(m2)''. In a classical collision attack, the attacker has no control over the content of either message, but they are arbitrarily chosen by the algorithm. Much like symmetric-key ciphers are v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
