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Nadahup Language
The Nadahup languages, also known as Makú (Macú) or ''Vaupés–Japurá'', form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name ''Maku people (other), Makú'' is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan languages, Arawakan word meaning "without speech". ''Nadahup'' is an acronym of the constituent languages. The Nadahup family should not be confused with several other languages which go by the name ''Maku language, Makú''. There are proposals linking this unclassified language with Nadahup, but also with other languages. External relationships Martins (2005: 342–370) groups the Arawakan languages, Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makúan-Arawakan (Nadahup-Arawakan) family, but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237). Epps and Bolaños (2017) accept the unity of the four Nadahup languages, but do not consider Puinave language, Puinave to be related. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maku People (other)
Maku (Macu, Máku, Mácu, Makú, Macú) or Maco (Mako, Máko, Macó, Makó) is a pejorative term referring to several hunter-gatherer peoples of the upper Amazon, derived from an Arawakan term ''ma-aku'' "do not speak / without speech" (compare the etymologies of the words "Names of Germany#Names from Nemets, Niemcy" and "Barbarian#Etymology, barbarian"). Nimuendajú (1950), for example, notes six peoples of Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil that are known as 'Maku'. In linguistic literature, the term refers primarily to: * the Nadahup languages, a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, sometimes disambiguated from other Maku languages as ''Makú'' or ''Macú'', though those forms can apply to any of the languages, or as ''Makuan''. Such languages include Hup language, Hup, spoken by Hupda people, Hupda (''Hupdá Makú'', ''Makú-Hupdá'', ''Macú De'') and Guariba Maku language, Guariba Maku * the closely related Nukak Makú language, Nukak Makú and Kakwa language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cacua Language
The Cacua language, also known as Kakua or Kakwa, is an indigenous language spoken by a few hundred people in Colombia and Brazil. There are many monolinguals, especially children. Apart from being close to or a dialect of Nukak, its classification is uncertain. Overview The language is spoken by indigenous American Cacua akuapeople that live in Colombian and Brazilian interfluvial tropical forests higher than in elevation. The people have traditional livelihoods such as nomadic hunting-gathering and swidden agriculture. There are some non-native speakers of Cacua that are predominantly missionary workers. Their presence has resulted in the translation of religious Christian texts, notably the Christian Bible. Distribution The speakers are located in Wacara (In Cacua: ''Wacará'') which is from Mitu (In Cacua and Spanish: ''Mitú'') in the lower Vaupes Region. (In Spanish: ''Departamento del Vaupés''). A second Kakua settlement is "Nuevo Pueblo" (New Town), which is an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incorporation (linguistics)
In linguistics, incorporation is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function. The inclusion of a noun qualifies the verb, narrowing its scope rather than making reference to a specific entity. Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, Siberia and northern Australia. However, polysynthesis does not necessarily imply incorporation (Mithun 2009), and the presence of incorporation does not imply that the language is polysynthetic. Examples of incorporation English Although incorporation does not occur regularly, English uses it sometimes: ''breastfeed'', and direct object incorporation, as in ''babysit''. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations: the verbs ''breastfeed'' and ''babysit'' are formed from the adjective ''breast-fed'' and the noun ''bab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysynthetic
In linguistic typology, polysynthetic languages, formerly holophrastic languages, are highly synthetic languages, i.e., languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone). They are very highly inflected languages. Polysynthetic languages typically have long "sentence-words" such as the Yupik word . Except for the morpheme "reindeer", none of the other morphemes can appear in isolation. Whereas isolating languages have a low morpheme-to-word ratio, polysynthetic languages have a very high ratio. There is no generally agreed upon definition of polysynthesis. Generally polysynthetic languages have polypersonal agreement, although some agglutinative languages that are not polysynthetic, such as Basque, Hungarian and Georgian, also have it. Some authors apply the term polysynthetic to languages with high morpheme-to-word ratios, but others use it for languages that are highly head-marking ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Area
In linguistics, a sprachraum (; , "language area", plural sprachräume, ) is a geographical region where a common first language (mother tongue), with dialect varieties, or group of languages is spoken. Characteristics Many sprachräume are separated by national borders, whilst others are separated by oceans or ethnolinguistic boundaries. The five major Western sprachräume (by number of speakers) are those of English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German. The English Sprachraum (Anglosphere) spans the globe from the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the many former British and American colonies in which English has official language status alongside local languages, such as India, South Africa, and the Philippines. The Spanish Sprachraum, known as the Hispanosphere, originated in the Iberian Peninsula but today most Spanish speakers are in Hispanic America. Of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only Spain a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loan Word
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing (linguistics), borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword). Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more language family, related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other. Examples and related terms A loanw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization (also known as grammatization or grammaticization) is a linguistic process in which words change from representing objects or actions to serving grammatical functions. Grammaticalization can involve content words, such as nouns and verbs, developing into new function words that express grammatical relationships among other words in a sentence. This may happen rather than speakers deriving such new function words from (for example) existing bound, inflectional constructions. For example, the Old English verb 'to want', 'to wish' has become the Modern English auxiliary verb ''will'', which expresses intention or simply futurity. Some concepts are often grammaticalized; others, such as evidentiality, less frequently. In explaining this process, linguistics distinguishes between two types of linguistic items: * lexical items or content words, which carry specific lexical meaning * grammatical items or function words, which serve mainly to express grammatical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tucano Language
Tucano, also Tukano or Tucana, endonym ''ye’pâ-masa yee uúku͂sehé'', is a Tucanoan language spoken in Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia. Many Tariana people, speakers of the endangered Tariana language Tariana (also Tariano) is an endangered Maipurean (also known as Arawak) language spoken along the Vaupés River in Amazonas, Brazil by approximately 100 people. Another approximately 1,500 people in the upper and middle Vaupés River area i ... are switching to Tucano. Phonology Consonants Nasal sounds n ŋare variants of voiced stops /b d ɡ/ between nasal vowels. Stops may also be heard as prenasalized b ⁿd ᵑɡafter nasal vowels. /w/ can be heard as a nasal bilabial semivowel in the environment of nasal vowels. Allophones of /ɾ/ can be heard as , .Aikhenvald, 1996. Vowels See also * Tucano people References Spanish Tukanos Bibliography *A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I: Gramática . Henri Ramirez (1997) · Manaus: Inspetoria Salesiana Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nukak Language
The Nukak language () is a language of uncertain classification, perhaps part of the macrofamily Puinave-Maku. It is very closely related to Kakwa.Gustavo Politis, ''Nukak: Ethnoarchaeology of an Amazonian People,'' Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California (2007) 2009 p.53. Phonology Vowels There are six oral and six nasal vowels. The vowel becomes the labial semivowel in several environments: in postnuclear position (when it appears immediately after the nuclear vowel of a morpheme), before another vowel, and at the beginning of the word or syllable. The semivowel is devoiced (IPA symbol ) if the tone rises and the following vowel is , , . The vowel becomes the palatal semivowel in postnuclear position. Nasalization in Nukak language is a prosodic property of the morpheme that affects all segments within each morpheme except voiceless stops. Each morpheme is either completely nasal or completely oral. Consonants There are eleven consonant phonemes: ; (realized a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kakwa Language
The Cacua language, also known as Kakua or Kakwa, is an indigenous language spoken by a few hundred people in Colombia and Brazil. There are many monolinguals, especially children. Apart from being close to or a dialect of Nukak, its classification is uncertain. Overview The language is spoken by indigenous American Cacua akuapeople that live in Colombian and Brazilian interfluvial tropical forests higher than in elevation. The people have traditional livelihoods such as nomadic hunting-gathering and swidden agriculture. There are some non-native speakers of Cacua that are predominantly missionary workers. Their presence has resulted in the translation of religious Christian texts, notably the Christian Bible. Distribution The speakers are located in Wacara (In Cacua: ''Wacará'') which is from Mitu (In Cacua and Spanish: ''Mitú'') in the lower Vaupes Region. (In Spanish: ''Departamento del Vaupés''). A second Kakua settlement is "Nuevo Pueblo" (New Town), which is an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hupda Language
The Hup language (also called ''Hupdë, Hupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá Makú, Jupdá, Makú, Makú-Hupdá, Makú De, Hupda,'' and ''Jupde'') is one of the four Naduhup languages. It is spoken by the Hupda indigenous Amazonian peoples who live on the border between Colombia and the Brazilian state of Amazonas. There are approximately 1500 speakers of the Hup language. As of 2005, according to the linguist Epps, Hup is not seriously endangered – although the actual number of speakers is few, all Hupda children learn Hup as their first language. History Although their territory was the target of forced transferrals throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, due to their isolation, the Naduhup were among the least affected, since they were protected by the geography of their land. They were also the target of several Catholic missions, though those ultimately failed, as the Naduhup refused to send their children to Catholic education centres. Contact with the Tucanoan people, also know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Brasília
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
