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Mongol Invasions Of Chechnya
Throughout the 13th and 14th century, the ancestors of the Vainakh people, the Durdzuks, among different states and factions, waged a brutal and fierce war against the Mongol Empire, who sought to occupy the lands of the Vaynakh. Despite the inferiority in numbers and weapons, the Durdzuks managed to mostly keep their independence, although this also came at a heavy cost, as their resistance resulted in mass amounts of death among the Durdzuks and the destruction of their states, but also greatly shaped the people they would later become. The access to the lowlands was also lost, thus forcing the Durdzuks to adapt to their new situation, such as terracing plots of land and covering them in soil. The Sado-Orsoy dynasty, a clan which had been ruling the medieval Nakh state known as "Durdzuketi" in Georgian sources, was also driven to near extinction. Due to their constant resistance, at the end of the third Mongol campaign in 1240, an active result of heirs began, after which the ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakh Peoples
The Nakh peoples, also known as ''Vainakh peoples'' (Chechen/Ingush: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush "our people"; also Chechen-Ingush), are a group of Caucasian peoples identified by their use of the Nakh languages and other cultural similarities. These are chiefly the ethnic Chechen (including the Chechen sub-ethnos, the Kists, in Georgia), Ingush and Bats peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups. The ethnonym "Nakhchi" Nakh peoples and Vainakh peoples are two terms that were coined by Soviet ethnographers such as the Ingush ethnographer Zaurbek Malsagov. The reasoning behind the creation of these terms was to unite the closely related nations of Chechen and Ingush into one term. The terms "Vainakh" (our people) and "Nakh" (people) were first used as a term to unite two peoples in 1928. It was subsequently popularized by other Soviet authors, poets, and historians such as Mamakaev and Volkova in their research. Accor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khour I
Khour I ( Chechen: ''Эла Ховра''), sometimes also referred to as Mokhtsur ( Chechen: ''Мохцур'') was a Chechen leader and self proclaimed ruler of the Durdzuks and Alans from 1241 to 1252 as well as the leader of the Insurgency in Durdzuketi. He belonged to the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan. Family and descendants * Khasi I ** Atachi ** Khour I *** Chakh **** Khasi II ***** Khour II ****** Makhama ***** Surakat ****** Bayr ****** Sarka Early life In the early 1200s, he was sent on two major campaigns together with the Georgian commander Ivane Mkhargrdzeli: The first being the invasion and pacification of the region Mingrelia, while the second being the invasion of Circassia. In the Sadoy village in Southeastern Chechnya, there is a place called "Khovri aul" ( Chechen: ''Ховри аул''), which is said to have been the personal estate of Khour. Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi and Alania Campaign in Circassia Before the start of the Main Mongol campa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Güyük Khan
Güyük (also Güyug;; ''c''. March 19, 1206 – April 20, 1248) was the third Khagan-Emperor of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1246 to 1248. Appearance According to Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Güyük was of "medium stature, very prudent and extremely shrewd, and serious and sedate in his manners." Early life Güyük received military training and served as an officer under his grandfather Genghis Khan and later his father Ögedei Khan (after the death of Genghis in 1227). He married Oghul Qaimish of the Merkit clan. In 1233, Güyük, along with his maternal cousin Alchidai and the Mongol general Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Kingdom of Puxian Wannu, who was a rebellious Jin official, in a few months. After the death of Güyük's uncle Tolui, Ögedei proposed that Sorghaghtani, the widow of Tolui, marry his son Güyük. Sorghaghtani declined, saying that her prime responsibility was to he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batu Khan
Batu Khan ( – 1255),, ''Bat haan'', tt-Cyrl, Бату хан; ; russian: хан Баты́й was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis Khan. His '' ulus'' ruled over the Kievan Rus', Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years. Personality and appearance According to Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Batu was "kind enough to his own people, but he is greatly feared by them. He is, however, most cruel in fight; he is very shrewd and extremely crafty in warfare, for he has been waging war for a long time." William of Rubruck described him as about the height of his lord John de Beaumont and his entire face was covered with reddish spots. Early years After his son Jochi's death, Genghis Khan assigned Jochi's appanages to his sons. The Great Khan installed Batu as Khan of the Golden Horde (also known as the Ulus of Jochi or Kipchak Khanate). Jochi's eldest son, Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jebe
Jebe (or Jebei, mn, Зэв, ''Zev''; birth name: Jirqo'adai (Modern Mongolian: Zurgadai), mn, Зургаадай, ) (death: approximately 1224) was one of the most prominent Noyans (generals) of Genghis Khan. He belonged to the Besud clan, part of the Taichud tribe, which was under Targudai Khiriltug's leadership at the time of Genghis Khan. Even though Jebe was originally an enemy soldier, Genghis Khan recruited him and turned him into one of his greatest generals. Jebe played an important role in helping to expand the territory of Genghis Khan's empire. Despite playing a large role as a general for Genghis Khan, there are relatively few sources or biographies about his life. Jebe has been described as "the greatest cavalry general in history" for his unorthodox and daring maneuvers. Origin of name In 1204, during the Battle of the Thirteen Sides, an arrow wounded Genghis Khan in the neck. His loyal subordinate, Jelme, cared for him. After winning the battle, he asked th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subutai
Subutai (Classical Mongolian: ''Sübügätäi'' or ''Sübü'ätäi''; Modern Mongolian: Сүбээдэй, ''Sübeedei''. ; ; c. 1175–1248) was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. He directed more than 20 campaigns and won 65 pitched battles, during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in human history. He often gained victory by means of imaginative and sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is well known for the geographical diversity and success of his expeditions, which took him from central Asia to the Russian steppe and into Europe. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists in history. Early life Historians believe Subutai was born in the year 1175, probably just we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazikumukh Shamkhalate
"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" is a term introduced in Russian-Dagestan historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the Kumyk state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries with the capital in Gazi-Kumukh, and allegedly disintegrated in 1642. However, In the 16th century's Russian archival sources Tarki is stated to be the "capital of Shamkhalate" and "the city of Shamkhal", while "Kazi-Kumuk" is mentioned as a residence. These facts contradict "1642 disintegration" date. Moreover, there is absolutely no source before the 1950s containing the term "Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" or a statement that Gazi-Kumukh had ever been the capital of Shamkhalate. Historically, Shamkhalate is widely described as Tarki Shamkhalate or just Shamkhalate. Formation of shamkhalate in the 8th to 12th centuries Turkic-Tatar version Among the supporters of Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is Lak historian Ali Kayaev: A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khasi II
Khasi II ( Chechen: ''Эла Хаси II'' "''Prince Khasi II''") was a Chechen ruler and the king of the Durdzuks and Alans, although his reign was not recognized by the highlanders. He belonged to the Sado-Orsoy dynasty of Chechnya and was the successor of Chakh. Family and descendants *Khasi I **Khour I *** Chakh ****Khasi II ***** Khour II ******Makhama ***** Surakat ******Bayr ******Sarka Reign Between the years 1318–1319, 40 years after the last major confrontation between the North Caucasians and the Mongol Empire, Khasi launched a failed uprising against the Mongol Empire, which may have been the reason as to why Özbeg Khan set up his headquarters on the Sunzha River. Although his reign was not recognized by the Alans and Durdzuks, the uprising was supported by the highlanders. Khasi, unlike his ancestors, was a Muslim. However, according to other versions, Khasi, because of his religion, corporated with the Golden Horde and ran a pro-Mongol administration of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David VIII Of Georgia
David VIII (Georgian language, Georgian: დავით VIII; 1273–1311), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia (country), Georgia in 1292–1302 and 1308-1311. Eldest son of Demetre II of Georgia, Demetre II the Self-sacrificing by his Family of Demetrius II of Georgia#First marriage, Trapezuntine wife, he was appointed by the Ilkhanate, Ilkhan ruler Gaikhatu as king of Georgia (country), Georgia as reward for his military service during the Rümelian uprising in 1293. Succeeding his cousin Vakhtang II of Georgia, Vakhtang II, David's rule actually extended only over the eastern part of the kingdom, whereas western Georgia had been under the Imeretian branch of the House of Bagrationi since 1259. In 1295, he supported Baydu, Baidu Khan in an internal conflict in the Ilkhanate. However, Baidu was killed and Ghazan became a Khan (title), khan. Ghazan ordered the Georgia (country), Georgian king to arrive to his capital Tabriz. Remembering the fate of his father, Dav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chakhig
Chakh ( Chechen: ''Эла Чах''), sometimes also referred to as Chakhig ( Chechen: ''Эла Чахиг''), was a Chechen ruler and the king of the Alans and Durdzuks from 1253 to 1278 as well as the leader of the Uprising of the North Caucasians, which is also commonly referred to as the Dedyakov rebellion. Chakh belonged to the powerful Sado-Orsoy dynasty of Chechnya and was the successor of Khour I. ''Chakh'' (Or ''Chakhig'') means "redheaded" in the Chechen language. Family and descendants * Khasi I ** Khour I *** Chakh **** Khasi II ***** Khour II ****** Makhama ***** Surakat ****** Bayr ****** Sarka Early life Chakh was born in 1240, shortly after his mother, Esirat, managed to escape Maghas through a secret passage into Cheberloy, as it was besieged by the Mongols. Chakh, along with his father was also one of the survivors of the persecution of the royal house by the Mongols, and through him, the ruling family survived. Chakh-Aul, a place in the Orsoy town, was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negudar
Negudar (Nikudar, Neguder) was a Mongol general under Berke, and a Golden Horde Noyan. With many other Golden Horde generals, he embraced Islam in the late 13th century. He subsequently took the Muslim name of Ahmad Khan. Before the conflicts between Berke and Hulagu, Negudar fostered peace in Eastern Khorasan and its surrounding areas in Central Asia. Neguder with other generals of the Mongol Empire raided the northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate in the 1230s. When war hostilities broke out between Berke and Hulagu in 1260, Negudar assumed control over a sizeable portion of Berke's forces primarily in Ghazni and eastern Afghanistan. Negudar and his forces ultimately settled in various parts of modern-day Afghanistan including Kabul''India as Seen by Babur, AD 1504–1530'' by R. Nath, pg. 23 and Herat. Mongols in Afghanistan adopted his name later as they merged into Chagatai Khanate during the reign of Alghu Alghu (d. 1265 or 1266) was a khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1260 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nogai Khan
Nogai, or Noğay (; also spelled Nogay, Nogaj, Nohai, Nokhai, Noqai, Ngoche, Noche, Kara Nokhai, and Isa Nogai; died 1299/1300) was a general and kingmaker of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Bo'al/Baul/Teval, the seventh son of Jochi. Nogai was also a notable convert to Islam. Though he never formally ruled the Golden Horde himself, he was effectively the co-ruler of the state alongside whatever khan was in power at the time and had unrestricted control over the portions west of the Dnieper. At his height, Nogai was one of the most powerful men in Europe and widely thought of as the Horde's true head. The Russian chroniclers gave him the title of tsar, and the Franciscan missionaries in the Crimea spoke of him as a co-emperor. Name French historian Paul Pelliot wrote that Nokhai meant "dog". Although in the Mongolian language, "nokhoi" (in Mongolian script: , ''nokhai'') literally means a "dog", it does not necessarily mean a parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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