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Minuscule 227
Minuscule 227 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 118 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''Walter de Gruyter'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 60. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 158 parchment leaves (size ). The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in quire).Emmanuel Miller''Catalogue des manuscrits grecs de la bibliothèque de l'Escurial''(Paris 1848), p. 399. The text is written in one column per page, 27 lines per page. Some leaves were dislocated by binder. The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin, but references to the Eusebian Canons are absent. It contains Prolegomena to the four Gospels, tables of the (''tables of contents'') before each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in his trial and death and concluding with various reports of his post-resurrection appearances. Modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, but nevertheless, they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later authors. The four canonical gospels were probably written between AD 66 and 110. All four were anonymous (with the modern names added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses, and all are the end-products of long oral and written transmission. Mark was the first to be written, using a variety of sources. The authors of Matthew and Luke both independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hermann Von Soden
Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden- Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a ''privatdozent'', a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. His grave is preserved in the Protestant ''Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of the Hallesches Tor. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Textual Criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically, scribes who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made as well, for example, the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons. The objective of the textual critic's work is to provide a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of the text and its variants. This understanding may lead to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of New Testament Minuscules
The list of New Testament Minuscules ordered by Gregory-Aland index number is divided into three sections: * List of New Testament minuscules (1–1000) * List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000) * List of New Testament minuscules (2001–3000) By location and institution List of New Testament Minuscules ordered by location and hosting institution: (*) Indicates only a portion of manuscript held by institution. (**) Indicates manuscript is a forgery. Bold Indicates manuscript has been color photographed. A–F G H–M N–T U–Z See also *List of artifacts significant to the Bible * List of New Testament Church Fathers *List of New Testament Latin manuscripts *List of New Testament lectionaries * List of New Testament amulets *List of New Testament papyri A New Testament papyrus is a copy of a portion of the New Testament made on papyrus. To date, over 140 such papyri are known. In general, they are considered the earliest witnesses to the original text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andreas Birch
Andreas Birch (November 6, 1758 – October 25, 1829) was a professor from Copenhagen.Fr. NielsenBiografii 1. '' Dansk biografisk leksikon'', edited by C.F. Bricka, 2. volume, page 280, Gyldendal, 1887–1905 Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the king of Denmark, Christian VII, to examine manuscripts in Italy, Germany, and other European countries. Life Birch had a difficult experience at the age of 4 when in one month he lost both of his parents. His uncle, brewer A. T. Gardenholtz, took care of him, however, and by the year 1774, he was a student. Five years later he finished his theological studies in Copenhagen and travelled to Göttingen to continue his theological and philological studies under the guidance of Johann David Michaelis' and Christian Gottlob Heyne. Michaelis, who had big expectations for Birch's scientific abilities, advised him to travel to Italy to study "the hidden and hitherto unused manuscripts of the New Testament." Prime Minister Ove Høegh-Guldberg suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer
Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer (11 December 1753 – 21 November 1823), was a German-Danish philologist, theologian, librarian, bibliophile, palaeographer, diplomat, and Bible translator. Early life and education Moldenhawer was born in Königsberg, Prussia to Johann Heinrich Daniel Moldenhawer, a professor of theology at the University of Königsberg, and Lydia Charlotte née Trummer. He was educated at the royal Collegium Fridericianum under Johann Gottfried Herder in Königsberg, the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg, and the University of Göttingen (with Christian Gottlob Heyne, Johann David Michaelis, and Christian Wilhelm Franz Walch). Academic career In 1777 he became a professor of theology and oriental languages at the University of Kiel. On the recommendation of Johann Andreas Cramer he received a three-year scholarship from the Danish king's court. Moldenhawer and Tychsen were sent into Spain in 1783–1784 to examine and collate manuscripts. In 1784 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 819 (Gregory-Aland)
Minuscule 819 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Θε420 ( von Soden), is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on paper, with a commentary. Description The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of John, on 361 paper leaves (size ), with a commentary. The leaves were arranged in quarto (four leaves in quire).Emmanuel Miller''Catalogue des manuscrits grecs de la bibliothèque de l'Escurial''(Paris 1848), p. 436. The first leaf was supplied by later hand. The text is written in one column per page, 24 lines per page. It contains a commentary of Theophylact. Text The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. History Gregory dated the manuscript to the 14th century. It is presently assigned to the 14th century on palaeographic grounds by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research. The manuscript belonged to Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1651), [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro Hurtado De Mendoza
Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578, Balmaseda – November 10, 1641, Madrid) was a Basque scholastic philosopher and theologian. Philosophical work He was a teacher of theology and philosophy in Valladolid and he occupied a chair at the University of Salamanca. Hurtado belonged to the third generation of Jesuit scholars and initiated the shift from more realist positions of Francisco Suárez and Gabriel Vásquez towards conceptualism,Daniel Heider, ''Universals in Second Scholasticism'', John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014, p. 18. characteristic of that generation. His conceptualist tendencies were further developed by his pupils Rodrigo de Arriaga and Francisco Oviedo. Works * ''Disputationes a Summulis ad Metaphysicam'' (Valladolid 1615) reprinted as: ''Disputationes ad universam philosophiam ''(Lyon 1617) and as: ''Universa philosophia'' (Lyon 1624). * ''Disputationes scholasticae et morales de tribus virtutibus theologicis. De fide volumen secundum'', Salamanca, 1631. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family Kx
Family Kx is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It includes uncials, and although hundreds of minuscules, no early ones. Description The group was discovered by Hermann von Soden and designated by him with symbol Kx. The only distinction von Soden made among Kx members was according to the presence and type of the Pericope adulterae. Due to the massive influence of the group on other groups and its lack of control, the boundaries of group remain blurred. The most problematic is the question, how many Kx readings can be missing and how many surplus readings can be added before a manuscript no longer deserves to be classified as Kx? According to the Claremont Profile Method Kx has following profile in Luke 1, 10, and 20 are:The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS edition; the readings which are not bold are those of the TR. See F. Wisse, ''The Profile Method for the Cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claremont Profile Method
The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classification of the manuscript evidence of any ancient text with large manuscript attestation, and to present an adequate basis for the selection of balanced representatives of the whole tradition. The work of Wisse is limited only to three chapters in Luke: 1, 10, and 20. Wisse's profiles The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS edition. The profile of a manuscript is formed by noting the numbers of those test readings where the manuscript agrees with the bold reading. The readings which are not bold are those of the Textus Receptus. Luke 1 * Luke 1:2 (1 reading) — ] * Luke 1:7 (2 reading) — ην η ελισαβετ ] η ελισαβετ ην * Luke 1:7 (3 reading) — η ] omit * Luke 1:8 (4 reading) — ] εναντ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William B
William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play ''Douglas''). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina. Etymology William is related to the given name ''Wilhelm'' (cf. Proto-Germanic ᚹᛁᛚᛃᚨᚺᛖᛚᛗᚨᛉ, ''*Wiljahelmaz'' > German ''Wilhelm'' and Old Norse ᚢᛁᛚᛋᛅᚼᛅᛚᛘᛅᛋ, ''Vilhjálmr''). By regular sound changes, the native, inherited English form of the name should b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Categories Of New Testament Manuscripts
New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in ''The Text of the New Testament''. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke. Description of categories The Alands' categories do not simply correspond to the text-types; all they do is demonstrate the 'Byzantine-ness' of a particular text; that is, how much it is similar to the Byzantine text-type, from least (Category I) to most similar (Category V). Category V can be equated with the Byzantine text-type, but the other categories are not necessarily re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
