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Mercurial Diuretic
Mercurial diuretics are a form of renal diuretic containing mercury. Although previously widely used, they have largely been superseded by safer diuretics such as thiazides, and are hardly used anymore. History and mechanism Inorganic mercury compounds, such as mercury(I)chloride (calomel), were found to have diuretic properties when they were used to treat syphilis. Proposed use of these compounds date back at least to the 16th century, shortly after the beginning of the syphilis epidemic in 1497 following Columbus' return to Europe. Mercurial diuretics cause diuresis by reducing the reabsorption sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, thus causing more water being delivered to the distal convoluted tubule. Unfortunately, earlier physicians misconstrued hallmark symptoms of mercury poisoning such as excessive salivation as signs of mercury's efficacy, including up until the early 1960s when the use of mercurial diuretics was halted in medicine. Side effects Due to the idiosyn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mersalyl
Mersalyl (Mersal) is an organomercury compound and mercurial diuretic. It is only rarely used as a drug, having been superseded by diuretic, diuretic medications that do not contain mercury (element), mercury and are therefore less toxic. It features a Hg(II) centre. Mersalyl was originally adapted from Mercury(I) chloride, calomel (Hg2Cl2), a diuretic discovered by Paracelsus. See also * * References Acetic acids Benzamides Mercurial diuretics Phenol ethers {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure. Causes include a number of kidney diseases such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and minimal change disease. It may also occur as a complication of diabetes or lupus. The underlying mechanism typically involves damage to the glomeruli of the kidney. Diagnosis is typically based on urine testing and sometimes a kidney biopsy. It differs from nephritic syndrome in that there are no red blood cells in the urine. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause. Other efforts include managing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and infection risk. A low salt diet and limiting fluids is often recommended. About 5 per 100,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mercurophylline
Mercurophylline is a mercurial diuretic Mercurial diuretics are a form of renal diuretic containing mercury. Although previously widely used, they have largely been superseded by safer diuretics such as thiazides, and are hardly used anymore. History and mechanism Inorganic mercury co ..., having the form of white or yellow odorless powder under room temperature. It was formerly used as medicine, administered through injection or tablets. Mercurophyllin is poisonous when administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and intravenously. When administered intravenously, it can cause cardiac arrhythmia. Prolonged oral administration can lead to gastrointestinal irritation and kidney damage. References {{organic-compound-stub Mercurial diuretics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meralluride
Meralluride is a mercurial diuretic. In a 1963 study done with rats, it was thought to act on the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Studies in the late 1970s showed the compound had antimicrobial effect against ''Proteus'' bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections, with varying degrees of effectiveness based on the substances mixed with the drug. Published toxicity reports include one patient who "experienced violent delayed febrile reactions after the fifth, sixth, and seventh intramuscular injections of Mercuhydrin". Studies from Japan showed the compound caused ventricular fibrillation in a high percentage of animals when compared to furosemide Furosemide is a loop diuretic medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth ...; the furosemide was found to be easier to administer to patients in increasin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mersalyl Acid
Mersalyl (Mersal) is an organomercury compound and mercurial diuretic. It is only rarely used as a drug, having been superseded by diuretic medications that do not contain mercury and are therefore less toxic. It features a Hg(II) centre. Mersalyl was originally adapted from calomel (Hg2Cl2), a diuretic discovered by Paracelsus Paracelsus (; ; 1493 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance. He w .... See also * * References Acetic acids Benzamides Mercurial diuretics Phenol ethers {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin is a mercurial diuretic commercially traded from 1952 until 1974 that was once used to treat patients with heart failure Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome, a group of signs and symptoms caused by an impairment of the heart's blood pumping function. Symptoms typically include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, a ..., but is no longer in widespread use. The radiolabelled form (197Hg & 203Hg) had also been used for medical imaging of the kidney and brain and the 197Hg form was even considered a contender for 99mTc by some physicians, but was ultimately discontinued by the FDA in 1989.FDA, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, US Department Of Health And Human Service, 1989. References Mercurial diuretics Ureas Withdrawn drugs X {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acrodynia
Acrodynia is a medical condition which occurs due to mercury poisoning. The condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet is due to exposure or ingesting of mercury. It was known as Pink Disease (due to these symptoms) before it was accepted that it was just mercury poisoning. The word ''acrodynia'' is derived from the el, ακρος, which means ''end'' or '' extremity,'' and el, οδυνη, which means pain. As such, it might be (erroneously) used to indicate that a patient has pain in the hands or feet. The condition is known by various other names including hydrargyria, mercurialism, erythredema, erythredema polyneuropathy, Bilderbeck's, Selter's, Swift's and Swift-Feer disease. Symptoms and signs Besides peripheral neuropathy (presenting as paresthesia or itching, burning or pain) and discoloration, swelling (edema) and desquamation may occur. Since mercury blocks the degradation pathway of catecholamines, epinephrine excess causes profuse sweating ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diuretic
A diuretic () is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys. There exist several classes of diuretic, and each works in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin ( antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine. Medical uses In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline, and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poisoning. Diuretics are sometimes abused by people with an eating disorder, especially people with bulimia nervosa, with the goa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distal Convoluted Tubule
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule. Physiology It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH. On its apical surface (lumen side), cells of the DCT have a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter and are permeable to Ca, via the TRPV5 channel. On the basolateral surface (peritubular capillary side) there is an ATP-dependent Na/K antiporter pump, a secondary active Na/Ca transporter, and an ATP dependent Ca transporter. The basolateral ATP dependent Na/K pump produces the gradient for Na to be absorbed from the apical surface via the Na/Cl symporter, and for Ca to be reclaimed into the blood by the Na/Ca basolateral antiporter. * It regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons (H+) into the filtrate, or by absorbing protons and secreting bicarbonate into the filtrate. * Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K+ and absorbing Na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
