Melanogaster (fungus)
''Melanogaster'' is a genus of fungus that resemble truffles, and are often mistaken for them. However, they do not have the characteristic aroma and value of truffles, although some have been used culinarily. None are known to be poisonous. The genus contains 25 species that collectively have a widespread distribution. A new polyene pigment, melanocrocin, has been isolated either from fruit bodies or mycelial cultures of the subterranean fungus '' Melanogaster broomeianus''. The structure of the pigment was determined by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. Melanocrocin is the N-acyl derivative of L-phenylalanine methyl ester In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides are fa ... with a polyolefinic carboxylic acid. Species *'' Melanogaster ambiguus'' *'' Melanog ...
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Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ...
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Melanogaster Wilsonii
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Melanogaster Tuberiformis
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Melanogaster Variegatus
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Melanogaster Broomeiani
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Melanogaster Ambiguus
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Methyl Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties. '' Nomenclature Etymology The word '' ...
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula . It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino acid is classified as neutral, and nonpolar because of the inert and hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. The L-isomer is used to biochemically form proteins coded for by DNA. Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine, the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), and the skin pigment melanin. It is encoded by the codons UUU and UUC. Phenylalanine is found naturally in the milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement for its analgesic and antidepressant effects. It is a direct precursor to the neuromodulator phenethylamine, a commonly used dietary supplement. As an essential amino acid, phenylalanine is n ...
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Melanogaster Broomeianus
''Melanogaster'' ("''black-bellied''") may refer to the following organisms: * Genera: ** ''Melanogaster'' (fungus), a genus of false truffles ** ''Melanogaster'' (fly), a genus of hoverflies * Species: ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'', a species of fruit fly, widespread and also important in research ** '' Acheilognathus melanogaster'', a species of brackish-freshwater ray-finned fish in Japan ** ''Anhinga melanogaster'', the Oriental darter (snakebird), a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia ** ''Turnix melanogaster'', the black-breasted buttonquail The black-breasted buttonquail (''Turnix melanogaster'') is a rare buttonquail endemic to eastern Australia. As with other buttonquails, it is unrelated to the true quails. The black-breasted buttonquail is a plump quail-shaped bird in length ...

Mycelium
Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrate (biology), substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a Monokaryon, monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form sporocarp (fungi), fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or may grow to span thousands of acres as in ''Armillaria''. Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biopolymers, biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport. Mycelia are v ...
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Pigment
A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compounds. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Economic impact In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic, organic, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. Estimated at around US$14.86 billion in 2018 and will rise at over 4.9% CAGR from 2019 to 2026. The global demand for pigments was roughly US$20.5 billion in 2009. According to an April 2018 report by ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $300 million each year. Physical principles ...
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