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Maxim Antonovich
Maxim Alexeyevich Antonovich (russian: Макси́м Алексе́евич Антоно́вич; 9 May 1835, – 14 November 1918) was a Russian literary critic, essayist, memoirist, translator and philosopher. Biography Maxim Antonovich was born in Belopolye, Sumskoy Uyezd, Kharkov Governorate, to the family of a clergyman. After studying at the Kharkiv seminary he enrolled in the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy which he graduated in 1859. Antonovich's literary career started in ''Sovremennik'' where several articles promoting the philosophy of materialism brought him the reputation of an "ideological heir to Chernyshevsky." As a head of the magazine's literary criticism department (a position he took after Nikolai Dobrolyubov's death) Antonovich waged bitter feuds against ''Vremya'', '' Epokha'', and later '' Russkoye Slovo'', after his slagging of Ivan Turgenev's '' Fathers and Sons'' in 1862 outraged Dmitry Pisarev and a violent confrontation ensued which Fyodor Dosto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belopolye
Bilopillia (, ; , translit.: ''Belopol`ye'') is a city and the administrative center of Bilopillia Raion in Sumy Oblast of northeastern Ukraine. It is located close to Kursk Oblast of Russia. Population: The city's ancient name is Vyr. Geography Bilopillya railway station is situated in the south part of the city. Roads , , , and highway are present in the city. History Bilopillia was an important town in the Sumy Cossack regiment. It consisted of a town with 9 towers and a fort with 13 towers. In 1678 there were 53 Russian service people and 1,202 Cossacks. In 1681, the three villages of Krygu (in office), Vorozhba (2 kilometers from the city), and Pavlivka (5 km from the city) were assigned to Bilopillia. Later, Bilopillia became a settlement (since 1791 – a town) in Sumskoy Uyezd in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire. In 1933 Bilopillia Machine-Building Plant was built here. The settlement suffered as a result of the genocide of the Ukrainian people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Materialism
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature, and all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are by-products or epiphenomena of material processes (such as the biochemistry of the human brain and nervous system), without which they cannot exist. This concept directly contrasts with idealism, where mind and consciousness are first-order realities to which matter is dependent while material interactions are secondary. Materialism is closely related to physicalism—the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter (e.g. spacetime, physical energies and forces, and dark matter). Thus, the term ''physicalism'' is preferred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archibald Geikie
Sir Archibald Geikie (28 December 183510 November 1924) was a Scottish geologist and writer. Early life Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835, the eldest son of Isabella Thom and her husband James Stuart Geikie, a musician and music critic. The elder brother of James Geikie, he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh. Career In 1855 was appointed an assistant on the British Geological Survey. Wielding the pen with no less facility than the hammer, he inaugurated his long list of works with ''The Story of a Boulder; or, Gleanings from the Note-Book of a Geologist'' (1858). His ability at once attracted the notice of his chief, Sir Roderick Murchison, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship, and whose biographer he subsequently became. With Murchison some of his earliest work was done on the complicated regions of the schists of the Scottish Highlands; and the small geological map of Scotland published in 1862 was their joint work: a larger map was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balfour Stewart
Balfour Stewart (1 November 182819 December 1887) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist. His studies in the field of radiant heat led to him receiving the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 1868. In 1859 he was appointed director of Kew Observatory. He was elected professor of physics at Owens College, Manchester, and retained that chair until his death, which happened near Drogheda, in Ireland, on 19 December 1887. He was the author of several successful science textbooks, and also of the article on "Terrestrial Magnetism" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Career Stewart was born on 1 November 1828 at 1 London Row in Leith (north of Edinburgh), the son of William Stewart a tea-merchant, and his wife, Jane Clouston. His father was involved in business in Great Britain and Australia. He was educated at Dundee. He then studied Physics at the University of St Andrews, and the University of Edinburgh. Following his studies of physics at Edinburgh, he b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Blanc
Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (; ; 29 October 1811 – 6 December 1882) was a French politician and historian. A socialist who favored reforms, he called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor. Although Blanc's ideas of the workers' cooperatives were never realized, his political and social ideas greatly contributed to the development of socialism in France. He wanted the government to encourage co-operatives and replace capitalist enterprises. These co-operatives were to be associations of people who produced together and divided the profit accordingly. Following the Revolution of 1848, Blanc became a member of the provisional government and began advocating for cooperatives which would be initially aided by the government but ultimately controlled by the workers themselves. Blanc's advocacy failed and, caught between radical worker tendencies and the National Guard, he was forced into exile. Blanc returned to France in 1870, shor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otechestvennye Zapiski
''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' ( rus, Отечественные записки, p=ɐˈtʲetɕɪstvʲɪnːɨjɪ zɐˈpʲiskʲɪ, variously translated as "Annals of the Fatherland", "Patriotic Notes", "Notes of the Fatherland", etc.) was a Russian literary magazine published in Saint Petersburg on a monthly basis between 1818 and 1884. The journal served liberal-minded readers known as the ''intelligentsia''. Such major novels as Ivan Goncharov's ''Oblomov'' (1859), Fyodor Dostoyevsky's '' The Double'' (1846) and ''The Adolescent'' (1875) and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin's ''The Golovlyov Family'' (1880) made their first appearance in ''Otechestvennye Zapiski''. Founded by Pavel Svinyin in 1818, the journal was published irregularly until 1820. It was closed down in 1830 but resurfaced several years later, with Andrey Krayevsky as its publisher. The renovated magazine regularly published articles by Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen, catering to well-educated liberals. Other notable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 February 1881), sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. Dostoevsky's literary works explore the human condition in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include ''Crime and Punishment'' (1866), ''The Idiot'' (1869), ''Demons'' (1872), and ''The Brothers Karamazov'' (1880). His 1864 novella, ''Notes from Underground'', is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature, as many of his works are considered highly influen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dmitry Pisarev
Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarevrussian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Пи́сарев ( – ) was a Russian literary critic and philosopher who was a central figure of Russian nihilism. He is noted as a forerunner of Nietzschean philosophy and for the impact his advocacy of liberation movements and natural science had on Russian history. A critique of his philosophy became the subject of Fyodor Dostoevsky's celebrated novel ''Crime and Punishment''. Indeed, Pisarev's philosophy embraces the nihilist aims of negation and value-destruction; in freeing oneself from all human and moral authority, the nihilist becomes ennobled above the common masses and free to act according to sheer personal preference and usefulness. These ''new types'', as Pisarev termed them, were to be pioneers of what he saw as the most necessary step for human development, namely the reset and destruction of the existing mode of thought. Among his most famous locutions is: "What can be smashed must be smashed. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fathers And Sons (novel)
''Fathers and Sons'' (russian: «Отцы и дети»; ''Otcy i deti'', ; archaic spelling Отцы и дѣти), also translated more literally as ''Fathers and Children'', is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, published in Moscow by Grachev & Co. It is one of the most acclaimed Russian novels of the 19th century. Plot Arkady Kirsanov has just graduated from the University of Petersburg. He returns with a friend, Bazarov, to his father's modest estate in an outlying province of Russia. His father, Nikolay, gladly receives the two young men at his estate, called Marino, but Nikolay's brother, Pavel, soon becomes upset by the strange new philosophy called "nihilism" which the young men, especially Bazarov, advocate. Nikolay, initially delighted to have his son return home, slowly begins to feel uneasy. A certain awkwardness develops in his regard toward his son, as Arkady's radical views, much influenced by Bazarov, make Nikolay’s own beliefs feel dated. Nikolay has always tried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dates: 28 October 1818 – 22 August 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West. His first major publication, a short story collection titled ''A Sportsman's Sketches'' (1852), was a milestone of Russian realism. His novel '' Fathers and Sons'' (1862) is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction. Life Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in Oryol (modern-day Oryol Oblast, Russia) to noble Russian parents Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793–1834), a colonel in the Russian cavalry who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (née Lutovinova; 1787–1850). His father belonged to an old, but impoverished Turge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russkoye Slovo
''Russkoye Slovo'' (Русское слово, Russian Word) was a Russian weekly magazine published in Saint Petersburg in 1859-1866 by its owner, Count Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko. History The magazine's first editors were Yakov Polonsky, Apollon Grigoryev, and A.Khmelnitsky. In mid-1860 Grigory Blagosvetlov came in, to invite several new authors, including Dmitry Pisarev who became the head of the literary criticism section. ''Russkoye Slovo'' soon became quite popular among the young Russian intelligentsia. In 1862, after the publication of Pisarev's essay "Poor Russian Thought" (Бедная русская мысль), the magazine received half a year suspension. While ''Sovremennik'' (with Nikolai Dobrolyubov and Nikolai Chernyshevsky as its ideological leaders) represented the deeper, analytical part of the same spectrum, for ''Russkoye Slovo'' the straightforward, often nihilistic protest was the order of the day. Some attacks on liberal literature and arts published in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epoch (Russian Magazine)
''Epoch'' (russian: Эпо́ха, Epokha) was a Russian literary magazine published in 1864-65 by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and his brother Mikhail. Publication history The first two combined numbers of ''Epoch'', for January and February, 1864, were published in March, 1864, containing the opening chapters of ''Notes from Underground'' by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. ''Notes from Underground'' took up the first four issues of the magazine. His story ''The Crocodile'' was published in the last issue.''Handbook of Russian Literature'', Victor Terras, Yale University Press 1990. ''The Crocodile'', taken as an attack on Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and his article ''Mr -bov and the Question of Art'', criticising the views of Nikolay Dobrolyubov, created considerable controversy between Dostoyevsky and Russian liberals. After Mikhail Dostoyevsky's death in 1864, Fyodor became chief editor. He was forced to discontinue publication of the magazine in February 1865 due to financial problems. Along with Dosto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
