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Master Of Requests
Master of Requests, from the Latin Requestarum Magister, is an office that developed in several European systems of law and government in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. Holders of the title had the responsibility of presenting petitions, requests and appeals for clemency to a higher court of law, a royal council, or directly to a monarch or other ruler. In origin they were not clearly separate from royal secretaries, carrying out the presentation of petitions as part of the administration of the royal household but gaining influence through their ability to provide access to the ruler. In several jurisdictions they came to have an important legal role as assessors or arbiters of requests, attached to specific executive or judicial bodies, and in France even exercised royal oversight over the law courts.Gwilym Dodd and Sophie Petit-Renaud, "Grace and Favour: The Petition and its Mechanisms", in ''Government and Political Life in England and France, c. 1300–c. 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the Periodization, period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance). Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and Plague (disease), plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it had been before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petition
A petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or public entity. Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer called supplication. In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to some official and signed by numerous individuals. A petition may be oral rather than written, or may be transmitted via the Internet. Legal ''Petition'' can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case. The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a ''complaint''. An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of '' mandamus'' or ''habeas corpus'', custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a ''petition''. Act on petition is a "summary process" used in probate, ecclesiastical and divorce cases, designed to handle matters which are too complex for simple motion. The parties in a case exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clemency
A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be relieved of some or all of the legal consequences resulting from a criminal conviction. A pardon may be granted before or after conviction for the crime, depending on the laws of the jurisdiction. Pardons can be granted in many countries when individuals are deemed to have demonstrated that they have "paid their debt to society", or are otherwise considered to be deserving of them. In some jurisdictions of some nations, accepting a pardon may ''implicitly'' constitute an admission of guilt; the offer is refused in some cases. Cases of wrongful conviction are in recent times more often dealt with by appeal rather than by pardon; however, a pardon is sometimes offered when innocence is undisputed in order to avoid the costs that are associated with a retrial. Clemency plays a critical role when capital punishment exists in a jurisdiction. Pardons are sometimes seen as a mechanism for combating corruption, allowing a parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Law
A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary. The place where a court sits is known as a venue. The room where court proceedings occur is known as a courtroom, and the building as a courthouse; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities. The practical authority given t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Faramerz Dabhoiwala
Faramerz Noshir Dabhoiwala (born 1969) is a historian and senior research scholar at Princeton University where he teaches and writes about the social history, cultural history, and intellectual history of the English-speaking world, from the Middle Ages to the present day. Education Dabhoiwala was educated in Amsterdam, the University of York and the University of Oxford where he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1995; his thesis was on prostitution in London in the 17th century and 18th century. Career Before moving to Princeton, he was a member of faculty at the University of Oxford, where he holds life fellowships of All Souls College, Oxford and Exeter College, Oxford. His 2012 book, ''The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution'', examines the first sexual revolution and the history of human sexuality. It was book of the year at ''The Economist''. Personal life Dabhoiwala is a Parsi. He has four children, two with the astrophysici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Philippe Genet
Jean-Philippe Genet (born in 1944) is a French medievalist, specialist of England. Publications *1996: ''Les idées sociales et politiques en Angleterre du début du XIVe siècle au milieu du XVIe siècle'', Thèse d'État, Paris-I. *1997: La genèse de l'État moderne. ''Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales''. Vol. 118, June. Genèse de l’État moderne. (p. 3–18)Read online*2003: ''La genèse de l'Etat moderne. Culture et société politique en Angleterre'', Paris, PUF, 2003. *2003: with Michel Balard and Michel Rouche Michel Rouche (30 May 1934 – 5 December 2021) was a French historian and academic. He specialized in the history of Gaul during the Roman Empire and in the Middle Ages. Biography Rouche earned an agrégation in history in 1959 and subsequently ..., ''Le Moyen Âge en Occident''. Hachette Éducation, collection ''Histoire Université'' *2004: with M. Balard, ''Le monde au Moyen Âge. Espaces, pouvoirs, civilisations'', Paris, Hachette. *2005 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conseil D'État (France)
In France, the Council of State (french: Conseil d'État, links=no, ) is a governmental body that acts both as legal adviser to the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Established in 1799 by Napoleon as a successor to the King's Council (''Conseil du Roi''), it is located in the Palais-Royal in Paris and is primarily made up of top-level legal officers. The Vice President of the Council of State ranks as the ninth most important civil servant in France. Members of the Council of State are part of a Grand Corps of the French State (''Grand corps de l'État''). The Council of State mainly recruits from among the top-ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration. Composition A General Session of the Council of State is presided over by the Prime Minister or, in their absence, the Minister of Justice. However, since the real presidency of the Council is held by the Vice-President, the Vice President of the Council of State ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Master Of Requests (England)
The Court of Requests was a minor equity court in England and Wales. It was instituted by King Richard III in his 1484 parliament. It first became a formal tribunal with some Privy Council elements under Henry VII, hearing cases from the poor and from servants of the King. It quickly became popular for its low cost of bringing a case and rapid processing time, earning the disapproval of the common law judges. Two formal judges, the "Masters of Requests Ordinary", were appointed towards the end of Henry VIII's reign, with an additional two "Masters of Requests Extraordinary" appointed under Elizabeth I to allow two judges to accompany her on her travels around England (Latin: ''Regiae Majestati a Supplicum Libellis Magister''). Two more ordinary masters were appointed under James I of England, with the increasing volume of cases bringing a wave of complaints as the court's business and backlog grew. The court became embroiled in a dispute with the common law courts during the late ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Master Of Requests (France)
A Master of Requests () is a counsel of the French ''Conseil d'État'' (Council of State), a high-level judicial officer of administrative law in France. The office has existed in one form or another since the Middle Ages. The occupational title derives from two words. In jurisprudence and administration, the French term ''maître'' is an honorific for a barrister (a lawyer who acts in proceedings before a court of law), and ''requêtes'' are "appeals" or "petitions". (The legal term ''une requête civile'' is "a petition to an appellate court against a judgement.") Ancien Régime France The Masters of Requests (Counsels of State), more fully ''maîtres des requêtes ordinaires de l'hôtel du Roi'', were originally, during the Middle Ages, judges of a council convened to examine petitions laid by commoners before the Royal Household (''hôtel du roi''). A number of traditions from this time survived until the 18th century, such as the King's accompaniment by two Masters ordinar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
