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Mansonella Streptocerca
''Mansonella streptocerca'', (formerly ''Diptalonema streptocerca''), is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) causing the disease streptocerciasis. It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where it is thought to be a parasite of chimpanzees, as well. ''Mansonella streptocerca'' is one of three filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The other two filarial nematodes are ''Loa loa'' (the African eye worm), and ''Onchocerca volvulus'' (river blindness). The worm is distributed across West and Central Africa. Life cycle The contraction of an ''M. streptocerca'' infection can be better understood through an understanding of its life cycle. The life cycle involves two stages: one involving a midge (genus ''Culicoides'') and another involving a human host. First, a midge ingests a blood meal from a human host. This allows third-stage filarial larvae to enter the bite wound. Once inside the dermis, the larva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secernentea
Secernentea was a class of nematodes in the Classical Phylogeny System (Chitwood, 1958) and is no longer in use. This morphological-based classification system has been replaced by the Modern Phylogeny system, where taxonomy assignment is based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). Characteristics of Secernentea are: * Amphid apertures are pore/slit-like * Derids are present in some; located near nerve ring * Phasmids are present; posterior * Excretory system is tubular * Cuticle is striated in two to four layers; lateral field is present * Three esophageal glands; esophageal structure varies * Males generally have one testis * Caudal alae are common * Sensory papillae are cephalic only; may be caudal papillae in males * Mostly terrestrial * Rarely found in fresh or marine water Systematics Subclasses and orders of Secernentea are:Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002)Nematoda. Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008. * Subclass Rhabditia (paraphyletic?) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirurida
Spirurida is an order of spirurian nematodes. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system. Some Spirurida, like the genus ''Gongylonema'', can cause disease in humans. One such disease is a skin infection with Spirurida larvae, called "creeping disease". Some species are known as eyeworms and infect the orbital cavity of animal hosts. Systematics The Camallanida are sometimes included herein as a suborder, and the Drilonematida are sometimes placed here as a superfamily. There are doubts about the internal systematics of the Spirurida, and some groups placed herein might belong to other spirurian or even secernentean lineages.ToL (2002) The following superfamilies are at least provisionally placed in the Spirurida: * Acuarioidea * Aproctoidea * Diplotriaenoidea * Filarioidea * Gnathostomatoidea * Habronematoidea * Physalopteroidea * Rictularioidea * Spiruroidea * Thelazioidea Thelazioidea is a superfamily of spirurian nematodes in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onchocercidae
The Onchocercidae are a family of nematodes in the superfamily Filarioidea. This family includes some of the most devastating human parasitic diseases, such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and other filariases. Representative genera and species The taxonomy of nematodes in the order Spirurida is still in a state of flux, and the family Onchocercidae contains around 70–80 genera. The following genera are included in the family Onchocercidae in the Wikispecies project and thEntrez Taxonomy Browser The latter is the taxonomic system used in the NCBI family of databases, including PubMed. *''Acanthocheilonema'' **''Acanthocheilonema viteae'' (parasite of gerbils in Eastern Europe, Iran, and North Africa) **''Acanthocheilonema reconditum'' (parasite of dogs) *''Brugia'' **''Brugia malayi'' (one cause of filariasis in humans) **'' Brugia pahangi'' (parasite of domestic cats and wild animals) **'' Brugia timori'' (cause of "timor filariasis" in humans) *'' Breinl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mansonella
''Mansonella'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes. It includes three species that are responsible for the disease mansonelliasis: ''Mansonella ozzardi'', ''M. perstans'', and ''M. streptocerca''. Species There are nine species: * '' Mansonella barbascalensis'' * '' Mansonella llewellyni'' Price, 1962 * '' Mansonella longicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella ozzardi'' Manson, 1897 – parasite of humans in Central and South America * ''Mansonella perstans'' Manson, 1891 – parasite of humans and primates in Africa and South America * '' Mansonella rodhaini'' * '' Mansonella rotundicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella semiclarum'' Fain, 1974 * ''Mansonella streptocerca ''Mansonella streptocerca'', (formerly ''Diptalonema streptocerca''), is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) causing the disease streptocerciasis. It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where ...'' – pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filaria
''Filaria'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Filariidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext .... Species: *'' Filaria acutiuscula'' *'' Filaria bufonis'' *'' Filaria loliginis'' *'' Filaria martis'' *'' Filaria piscium'' *'' Filaria smithi'' *'' Filaria terebra'' *'' Filaria tuberculata'' *'' Filaria volvulans'' *'' Filaria volvulas'' *'' Filaria volvulus'' *'' Filaria volvulxus'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q18596041 Nematodes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthropod
Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arthropod cuticle, cuticle made of chitin, often Mineralization (biology), mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and their body possesses an exoskeleton, external skeleton. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of moulting, a process by which they shed their exoskeleton to reveal a new one. Some species have wings. They are an extremely diverse group, with up to 10 million species. The haemocoel, an arthropod's internal cavity, through which its haemolymph – analogue of blood – circulates, accommodates its interior Organ (anatomy), organs; it has an open circulatory system. Like their exteriors, the internal or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loa Loa
''Loa loa'' is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that causes ''Loa loa'' filariasis. ''Loa loa'' actually means "worm worm", but is commonly known as the "eye worm", as it localizes to the conjunctiva of the eye. ''Loa loa'' is commonly found in Africa.Schmidt, Gerald et al. "Foundations of Parasitology". 7th ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2005. It mainly inhabits rain forests in West Africa and has native origins in Ethiopia. The disease caused by ''Loa loa'' is called loiasis and is one of the neglected tropical diseases. ''L. loa'' is one of three parasitic filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The other two are ''Mansonella streptocerca and Onchocerca volvulus'' (causes river blindness). Maturing larvae and adults of the "eye worm" occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin – the fat layer – of humans, causing disease. The ''L. loa'' adult worm which travels under the skin can survive up to 10–15 years, causing inflammati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onchocerca Volvulus
''Onchocerca volvulus'' is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that causes onchocerciasis (river blindness), and is the second-leading cause of blindness due to infection worldwide after trachoma. It is one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, with elimination from certain countries expected by 2020. John O’Neill, an Irish surgeon, first described ''Onchocerca volvulus'' in 1874, when he found it to be the causative agent of ‘craw-craw’, a skin disease found in West Africa. A Guatemalan doctor, Rodolfo Robles, first linked it to visual impairment in 1917. ''O. volvulus'' is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa, and humans are the only known definitive host; there is also disease transmission in some South American nations, as well as Yemen (see global map bottom right). It is spread from person to person via female biting blackflies of the genus ''Simulium''. Morphology ''O. volvulus'' parasites obtain nutrients f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mansonella Streptocerca LifeCycle
''Mansonella'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes. It includes three species that are responsible for the disease mansonelliasis: ''Mansonella ozzardi'', ''M. perstans'', and ''M. streptocerca''. Species There are nine species: * '' Mansonella barbascalensis'' * '' Mansonella llewellyni'' Price, 1962 * '' Mansonella longicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella ozzardi'' Manson, 1897 – parasite of humans in Central and South America * ''Mansonella perstans'' Manson, 1891 – parasite of humans and primates in Africa and South America * '' Mansonella rodhaini'' * '' Mansonella rotundicapitata'' Eberhard, Campo-Aasen & Orihel, 1984 * '' Mansonella semiclarum'' Fain, 1974 * ''Mansonella streptocerca ''Mansonella streptocerca'', (formerly ''Diptalonema streptocerca''), is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) causing the disease streptocerciasis. It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where ...'' – pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culicoides
''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFAS. August 2013 Edition. which is divided into many subgenera. Several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals. Like ''Leptoconops'', the genus has a long fossil record, with earliest known fossils being from Burmese amber, around 99 million years old. Notable taxa The systematics and taxonomy of this genus are confused. A large number of species are of unknown relations to those that have been assigned to subgenera already. Furthermore, many subgenera are sometimes elevated to full genus status, or additional genera (such as '' Paradasyhelea'') are included as subgenera herein. A widely cited, periodically updated, subgeneric classification of species of ''Culicoides'' begins with the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
