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MMB-2201
MMB-2201 (also known as 5F-MMB-PICA, 5F-AMB-PICA, and I-AMB) is a potent indole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid, which has been sold as a designer drug and as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends. It was first reported in Russia and Belarus in January 2014, but has since been sold in a number of other countries. In the United States, MMB-2201 was identified in Drug Enforcement Administration drug seizures for the first time in 2018. MMB-2201 is the indole core analogue of 5F-AMB. Synthetic cannabinoid compounds with an indole-3-carboxamide or indazole-3-carboxamide core bearing a ''N''-1-methoxycarbonyl group with attached isopropyl or ''tert''-butyl substituent, have proved to be much more dangerous than older synthetic cannabinoid compounds previously reported, and have been linked to many deaths in Russia, Japan, Europe and the United States. Legality MMB-2201 is illegal in Russia, Belarus and Sweden. See also * 5F-AB-PINACA * 5F-ADB * MDMB-CHMICA * MDM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5F-AMB
5F-AMB (also known as 5F-MMB-PINACA and 5F-AMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products. It was first identified in Japan in early 2014. Although only very little pharmacological information about 5F-AMB itself exists, its 4-cyanobutyl analogue (instead of 5-fluoropentyl) has been reported to be a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (''K''I = 0.7 nM). Side effects 5F-AMB intoxication caused one fatality on its own, another through ketoacidosis in combination with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AM-2201, 5F-APINACA, EAM-2201, JWH-018, JWH-122, MAM-2201, STS-135 and THJ-2201 and another fatality in combination with AB-CHMINACA and Diphenidine. Legality In the United States, 5F-AMB is a Schedule I controlled substance. 5F-AMB is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015. Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying 5F-AM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C8 H7 N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria. As an intercellular signal molecule, indole regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology, including spore formation, plasmid stability, resistance to drugs, biofilm formation, and virulence. The amino acid tryptophan is an indole derivative and the precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. General properties and occurrence Indole is a solid at room temperature. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. At very low concentrations, however, it has a flowery smell, and is a constituent of many perfumes. It also occurs in coal tar. The corresponding substituent is called indolyl. Indole undergoes electrophilic substitution, mainly at position 3 (see diagra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cannabinoid
Cannabinoids () are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (delta-9-THC), the primary intoxicating compound in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major constituent of temperate Cannabis plants and a minor constituent in tropical varieties. At least 113 distinct phytocannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis, although only four (i.e., THCA, CBDA, CBCA and their common precursor CBGA) have been demonstrated to have a biogenetic origin. It was reported in 2020 that phytocannabinoids can be found in other plants such as rhododendron, licorice and liverwort, and earlier in Echinacea. Phytocannabinoids are multi-ring phenolic compounds structurally related to THC, but endocannabinoids are fatty acid derivatives. Nonclassical synthetic cannabinoids (cannabimimetics) include amin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drug
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects, and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetic Cannabis
Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach. These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with synthetic phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or synthetic endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct. Typically, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or "herbal smoking blends", and sold under common names like K2, spice, and synthetic marijuana. They are often labeled "not for human consumption" for liability defense. A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Enforcement Administration
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA; ) is a Federal law enforcement in the United States, United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice tasked with combating drug trafficking and distribution within the U.S. It is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection although the DEA has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations both domestically and abroad. The DEA has an DEA Office of National Security Intelligence, intelligence unit that is also a member of the United States Intelligence Community, U.S. Intelligence Community. While the unit is part of the DEA chain-of-command, it also reports to the Director of National Intelligence. History and mandate The Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1, 1973, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5F-AB-PINACA
5F-AB-PINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is derived from a series of compounds originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication, and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-AB-PINACA has been reported to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.48 nM and 2.6 nM respectively. Its metabolism has been described in literature. Legality China As of October 2015 5F-AB-PINACA is a controlled substance in China. Germany 5F-AB-PINACA is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015. Singapore It is also controlled under the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) in Singapore as of May 2015. See also * 5F-ADB * 5F-AMB * 5F-CUMYL-PINACA * AB-FUBINACA * AB-CHFUPYCA * AB-PINACA * ADB-CHMINACA * ADB-FUBINACA * ADB-PINACA * ADBICA * APICA * APINACA * MDMB-CHMICA * PX-3 PX-3 (also known as APP-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5F-ADB
5F-ADB (also known as 5F-MDMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-ADB is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. 5F-ADB was first identified in November 2014 from post-mortem samples taken from an individual who had died after using a product containing this substance. Subsequent testing identified 5F-ADB to have been present in a total of ten people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses in Japan between September 2014 and December 2014. 5F-ADB is believed to be extremely potent based on the very low levels detected in tissue samples, and appears to be significantly more toxic than earlier synthetic cannabinoid drugs that had previously been sold. In 2018, 5F-ADB was the most common synthetic cannabinoid to be identified in Drug Enforceme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MDMB-CHMICA
MDMB-CHMICA is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. While MDMB-CHMICA was initially sold under the name "MMB-CHMINACA", the compound corresponding to this code name (i.e. the isopropyl instead of t-butyl analogue of MDMB-CHMINACA) has been identified on the designer drug market in 2015 as AMB-CHMINACA. Chemistry Several commercial samples of MDMB-CHMICA were found to exclusively contain the (''S'')-enantiomer based on vibrational and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. An (S)-configuration for the ''tert''-leucinate group is unsurprising since MDMB-CHMICA is likely synthesized from the abundant and inexpensive "L" form of the appropriate ''tert''-leucinate reactant. Pharmacology MDMB-CHMICA acts as a highly potent full agonist of the CB1 receptor with an efficacy of 94% and an EC50 value of 0.14 nM, which is approximately 8 times lower than the EC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MDMB-CHMINACA
MDMB-CHMINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-CHM) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was invented by Pfizer in 2008, and is one of the most potent cannabinoid agonists known, with a binding affinity of 0.0944 nM at CB1, and an EC50 of 0.330 nM. It is closely related to MDMB-FUBINACA, which caused at least 1000 hospitalizations and 40 deaths in Russia as consequence of intoxication. Legal status MDMB-CHMINACA is a Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) controlled substance in Singapore as of May 2015. MDMB-CHMINACA is illegal in Germany, Switzerland as of December 2015. Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying MDMB-CHMINACA as a hazardous substance, on September 25, 2019. See also * AB-CHMINACA * ADB-CHMINACA * ADB-FUBINACA * MDMB-CHMICA * MDMB-FUBINACA * PX-3 PX-3 (also known as APP-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MDMB-FUBINACA
MDMB-FUBINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-Bz-F and FUB-MDMB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with ''K''i values of 1.14 nM at CB1 and 0.1228 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 0.2668 nM at CB1 and 0.1411 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug. Its benzyl analogue (instead of 4-fluorobenzyl) has been reported to be a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (''K''i = 0.14 nM, EC50 = 2.42 nM). The structure of MDMB-FUBINACA contains the amino aci3-methylvalineor tert-leucine methyl ester. Side effects There have been a large number of reported cases of deaths and hospitalizations in relation to this synthetic cannabinoid, mainly in Russia and Belarus. MDMB-FUBINACA was first reported in 2014 and quickly gained a reputation as the most deadly synthetic cannabinoid drug sold by 2015. Up to 700 hospitalisations and 25 deaths were initially linked to MDMB-FUBINACA in media and govern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indoles
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C8 H7 N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria. As an intercellular signal molecule, indole regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology, including spore formation, plasmid stability, resistance to drugs, biofilm formation, and virulence. The amino acid tryptophan is an indole derivative and the precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. General properties and occurrence Indole is a solid at room temperature. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. At very low concentrations, however, it has a flowery smell, and is a constituent of many perfumes. It also occurs in coal tar. The corresponding substituent is called indolyl. Indole undergoes electrophilic substitution, mainly at position 3 (see diagram i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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