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Míla
Míla is a telecommunications company in Iceland, wholly owned by Ardian. It owns, operates and maintains Iceland's largest trunk telecommunication network, copper and fibre access networks as well as a radio access network. It was established in 2007 following its split from Síminn, the former state-owned incumbent telecom. History Iceland's former incumbent telecom operator, Síminn, traces its history back to 1906. The incumbent was split from postal operations ( Iceland Post) in 1998 and was privatised in 2005 as Síminn, when it was sold to Skipti hf. Shortly after, the physical trunk and access network were split into a new company called Míla in 2007 in a similar approach to Openreach being split from BT. Míla remained under the ownership of the former incumbent Síminn until 2022, when it was sold to the French private equity firm Ardian. Operations Míla operates a national telecommunications trunk and access network serving the whole of Iceland. Leased l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet In Iceland
Iceland is among the top countries in the world in terms of Internet deployment and use. 99.68% of Icelanders used the internet in 2021. As of June 2024, Iceland is listed 6th in the world for fixed access download speeds according to Speedtest.net at 242.03 Mbit/s. Today, 93% citizens are connected to full-fibre (FTTH) networks, with at least 1 Gbit/s speeds available to all and 10 Gbit/s available to most. Iceland has 208.8 Tbit/s of international submarine bandwidth capacity through four cables. Míla operates the largest national trunk network, copper and PON (FTTH) fibre access network. Ljósleiðarinn, originally a fully municipal owned network, operates a competing national trunk and PTP ethernet fibre network. Smaller local ISPs operate locally. Síminn, Sýn and Nova are the Iargest ISPs in Iceland. ISNIC is the Icelandic domain registry for its country-code top level domain, .is. It is a member of the RIPE NCC, Europe's regional Internet regis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Síminn
Síminn hf. (, ; also known as Iceland Telecom Ltd.), previously named Landssíminn (, ), is an Icelandic telecommunications company. It offers communication services for both private and corporate clients, including mobile ( 4G/ 5G), landline, internet, IPTV, streaming services and television production. As a former incumbent state-owned telecom, it was split from Iceland Post (Íslandspóstur) in 1998 and later privatised in 2005. In 2007 its infrastructure arm was split off as Míla, sold off in 2022. Síminn is listed on the Icelandic stock exchange. Síminn operates a 5G/ 4G mobile network reaching over 99% of Iceland's population. In 2018, Síminn was the largest wireless carrier in Iceland with a market share of 34.5%. History Síminn is the privatised sector of Iceland's previously state owned incumbent postal and telecom operator, ''Póstur og Sími (, )''. The Iceland State Telephone Service was founded the same year as telephone technology arrived in Iceland, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telecommunications In Iceland
Telecommunications in Iceland is a diversified market. Iceland has a highly developed telecommunications sector with modern infrastructure. Multiple wholesale and retail providers are operated in a competitive market. As of 2024, Iceland's telecom infrastructure is fully digitised and mostly fibre based, with 93% of households having full-fibre availability. Landlines are based on VoIP technology. Mobile telecoms in Iceland adheres to the GSM standard and 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G services are available, as well as a TETRA network for emergency communications. Iceland is connected by four submarine cables to both Europe and North America. Broadcasting is based on DVB-T2 standard for television and FM for radio. There are a few printed newspapers, although most mass media is consumed online. Postal service is provided under universal obligation by the state-owned Iceland Post, but other private postal companies also operate. History The first submarine telegraph cable connection to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ardian (company)
Ardian (formerly Axa Private Equity) is a France-based, independent private equity investment company, founded and managed by Dominique Senequier. It is one of the largest European-headquartered private equity funds. The company was originally set up by Dominique Senequier in 1996 as the AXA Group's private equity division, but later gained independence in 2013, and rebranded itself as Ardian. The name Ardian (ar・di・an) was inspired by an ancient European language in which 'hardjan' mean strength, durability, and boldness. Ardian manages assets worth US$150 billion in Europe, North America and Asia, and has fifteen offices (Paris, London, Frankfurt, Milan, Madrid, Zurich, New York, San Francisco, Beijing, Singapore, Tokyo, Jersey, Luxembourg, Santiago, and Seoul). The firm offers a funds of funds, direct funds, infrastructure, private debt and real estate, and manages a direct portfolio of more than 150 companies. Its fund of funds segments owns stakes in over 1500 funds. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is . The organization's strategic concepts include Deterrence theory, deterrence. NATO headquarters, NATO's main headquarter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the digitalised circuits of the public switched telephone network. Work on the standard began in 1980 at Bell Labs and was formally standardized in 1988 in the CCITT "Red Book". By the time the standard was released, newer networking systems with much greater speeds were available, and ISDN saw relatively little uptake in the wider market. One estimate suggests ISDN use peaked at a worldwide total of 25 million subscribers at a time when 1.3 billion analog lines were in use. ISDN has largely been replaced with digital subscriber line (DSL) systems of much higher performance. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system consisted of digital links like T1/ E1 on the long-distance lines between telephone company offices and analog signals on copper telephone wires to the customers, the " last mile". At the time, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plain Old Telephone Service
Plain old telephone service (POTS), or publicly offered telephone service, is basic Voice band, voice-grade telephone service. Historically, POTS has been delivered by Analog signal, analog signal transmission over copper loops, but the term also describes Backward compatibility, backward-compatible analog connections offered by digital telephone systems. Copper loop POTS was the standard service offering from telephone companies in the United States from 1876 until 1988, when the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) was introduced, followed by the development of mobile phone, cellular telephone systems and voice over internet protocol (VoIP). Despite the advent of these technologies, copper loop POTS remains a basic form of residential and small business connection to the telephone network in many parts of the world. The term encapsulates a technology that has been available since the introduction of the public telephone system in the late 19th c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VDSL
Very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) and very high-speed digital subscriber line 2 (VDSL2) are digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies providing data transmission faster than the earlier standards of asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) G.992.1, G.992.3 (ADSL2) and G.992.5 (ADSL2+). VDSL offers speeds of up to 52 Mbit/s downstream and 16 Mbit/s upstream, over a single twisted pair of copper wires using the frequency band from 25 kHz to 12 MHz. These rates mean that VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone services (voice over IP) and general Internet access, over a single connection. VDSL is deployed over existing wiring used for analog telephone service and lower-speed DSL connections. This standard was approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in November 2001. Second-generation systems (VDSL2; ITU-T G.993.2 approved in February 2006) use frequencies of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over Copper wire, copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In ADSL, Bandwidth (computing), bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the customer premises (downstream (networking), downstream) than the reverse (upstream (networking), upstream). Providers usually market ADSL as an Internet access service primarily for downloading content from the Internet, but not for serving content accessed by others. Overview ADSL works by using spectrum above the band used by voice telephone calls. With a DSL filter, often called ''splitter'', the frequency bands are isolated, permitting a single telephone line to be used for both ADSL service and telephone calls at the same time. ADSL is ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Service Provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides a myriad of services related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the Internet. ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. Internet services typically provided by ISPs can include internet access, internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, and colocation. History The Internet (originally ARPAnet) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the backbone, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometimes using dialup tools such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. Some restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web. During the 1980s, online s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XGS-PON
10G-PON (also known as XG-PON or G.987) is a 2010 computer networking standard for data links, capable of delivering shared Internet access rates up to 10 Gbit/s (gigabits per second) over dark fiber. This is the ITU-T's next-generation standard following on from GPON or gigabit-capable PON. Optical fibre is shared by many subscribers in a network known as FTTx in a way that centralises most of the telecommunications equipment, often displacing copper phone lines that connect premises to the phone exchange. Passive optical network (PON) architecture has become a cost-effective way to meet performance demands in access networks, and sometimes also in large optical local networks for ''fibre-to-the-desk''. Passive optical networks are used for the ''fibre-to-the-home'' or ''fibre-to-the-premises'' last mile with splitters that connect each central transmitter to many subscribers. The 10 Gbit/s shared capacity is the downstream speed broadcast to all users connected to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPON
ITU-T G.984 is the series of standards for implementing a gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON). It is commonly used to implement the link to the customer (the ''last kilometre'', or ''last mile'') of fibre-to-the-premises ( FTTP) services. GPON puts requirements on the optical medium and the hardware used to access it, and defines the manner in which Ethernet frames are converted to an optical signal, as well as the parameters of that signal. The bandwidth of the single connection between the OLT ( optical line termination) and the ONTs ( optical network terminals) is 2.4Gbit/s down, 1.2Gbit/s up, or rarely symmetric 2.4Gbit/s, shared between up to 128 ONTs using a time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol, which the standard defines. GPON specifies protocols for error correction ( Reed–Solomon) and encryption ( AES), and defines a protocol for line control ( OMCI) which includes authentication (GPON serial number and/or PLOAM password). Unlike the previous EPON ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
