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Mushroom-feeding Flies
Mushroom-feeding ''Drosophila'' (mycophagous ''Drosophila'') are a subset of ''Drosophila'' flies that have highly specific mushroom-breeding ecologies. Often these flies can tolerate toxic compounds from ''Amanita'' mushrooms. Species groups * ''Drosophila testacea'' species group * ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group * ''Drosophila bizonata'' species group * Some members of the ''Drosophila obscura'' species group Sequenced genomes or transcriptomes * ''Drosophila guttifera'' * ''Drosophila neotestacea'' * ''Drosophila innubila'' * '' Drosophila falleni'' * ''Drosophila phalerata'' Gallery File: Dneo f3.tif , '' D. neotestacea'' (Testacea species group) File: Dtestacea male 2-4.tif , '' D. testacea'' (Testacea species group) File: Dinnubila4.tif , '' D. innubila'' (Quinaria species group) File:Dguttifera.tif, ''Drosophila guttifera'' (Quinaria species group) Dphalerata male.tif, ''Drosophila phalerata'' (Quinaria species group) File:Drosophila falleni infected wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita
The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''Amanita zambiana'' and other fleshy species in central Africa, ''Amanita basii, A. basii'' and similar species in Mexico, ''Amanita caesarea, A. caesarea'' and the "Blusher" ''Amanita rubescens'' in Europe, and ''Amanita chepangiana, A. chepangiana'' in South-East Asia. Other s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Testacea Species Group
The ''Drosophila testacea'' species group belongs to the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila, and contains 4 species: '' Drosophila putrida'', ''Drosophila neotestacea'', ''Drosophila testacea'', and '' Drosophila orientacea''.Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992. Systematics and Modes of Reproductive Isolation in the Holarctic Drosophila testacea Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/85/6/671/2759036 Testacea species are specialist mushroom-feeding flies, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms. The Testacea species group is studied for its specialist ecology, population genetics, and bacterial endosymbionts. The North American species ''Drosophila neotestacea'' is perhaps the best-studied of the group for its interactions with parasitic wasps and nematodes, bacterial endosymbionts, and trypanosomatid parasites. Of note, selfish X chromosomes (a form of meiotic drive) have been discovered in three o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Quinaria Species Group
The ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group is a speciose lineage of mushroom-feeding flies studied for their specialist ecology, their parasites, population genetics, and the evolution of immune systems. Quinaria species are part of the Drosophila subgenus. Mushroom-feeding ecology Quinaria group species are commonly found on wild mushrooms, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms, such as ibotenic acid and alpha-amanitin. Mushroom sites also host a number of natural enemies. For instance, as a consequence of their mushroom-feeding ecology, Quinaria species are frequently infected by nematodes of the genus '' Howardula''. Some Quinaria species are more or less susceptible to nematode parasitization, though the immunological reasons remain unclear. One possibility to explain this variance is differences in defensive bacterial symbionts. However another could be natural resource use, as most eukaryotes are unable to withstand the toxins in ''Amanita'' mushroo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Bizonata
''Drosophila bizonata'' is a species of fruit fly in the ''Drosophila bizonata'' species group in the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the ''Drosophila'' subgenus. ''Drosophila bizonata'' is found in Japan. ''D. bizonata'' breeds and feeds exclusively on mushrooms, and has a high tolerance for ibotenic acid, a toxic compound found in ''Amanita The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities result ...'' mushrooms. References External links Diptera.info Insects described in 1938 bizonata {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Obscura Species Group
The ''Drosophila obscura'' species group belongs to the subgenus ''Sophophora'' and contains 6 subgroups: ''affinis'', ''microlabis'', ''obscura'', ''pseudoobscura'', ''subobscura'', and ''sinobscura''. Species ''affinis'' species subgroup *'' Drosophila affinis'' Sturtevant, 1916 *'' Drosophila algonquin'' Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936 *'' Drosophila athabasca'' Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936 *'' Drosophila azteca'' Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936 *'' Drosophila dobzhanskii'' Patterson, 1943 *'' Drosophila inexspectata'' Tsacas, 1988 *'' Drosophila narragansett'' Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936 *'' Drosophila novitskii'' Sulerud and Miller, 1966 *'' Drosophila seminole'' Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936 *'' Drosophila tolteca'' Patterson and Mainland, 1944 ''microlabis'' species subgroup *'' Drosophila kitumensis'' Tsacas in Tsacas et al., 1985 *'' Drosophila microlabis'' Seguy, 1938 ''obscura'' species subgroup *'' Drosophila ambigua'' Pomini, 1940 *'' Drosophila bifasciat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Guttifera
''Drosophila guttifera'' is a species of vinegar fly in the Drosophila quinaria species group. Like many quinaria group species, ''D. guttifera'' feeds on rotting mushrooms. In 2015, the genome of ''Drosophila guttifera'' was sequenced by the laboratory of Sean B. Carroll providing an answer on how different wing patterns emerge in this species, relying on genetic switches called enhancers that drive the polka-dot pattern on the wings of ''D. guttifera''. These enhancers are cis-regulatory elements ''Cis''-regulatory elements (CREs) or ''Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogen ..., which can promote new wing patterns by modifying gene expression, rather than the actual protein being expressed. Further reading * Description of background on ''D. guttifera'' use in genetic studies in the Drosophila quinaria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Neotestacea
''Drosophila neotestacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of ''Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. These flies will choose to breed on psychoactive mushrooms such as the Fly Agaric '' Amanita muscaria''. ''Drosophila neotestacea'' can be found in temperate regions of North America, ranging from the north eastern United States to western Canada. Immunity ''Drosophila neotestacea'' and other mushroom-breeding Drosophila have been studied extensively for their interactions with '' Howardula'' nematode parasites, particularly ''Howardula aoronymphium''. Unlike related species, ''D. neotestacea'' is sterilized by ''H. aoronymphium'' infection. The genetic basis of this susceptibility is unknown, and is nematode-dependent. For instance, a related ''Howardula'' species from Japan does not sterilize ''D. neotestacea'', even though the European and North American ''Howardula'' species do. Moreover, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Innubila
''Drosophila innubila'' is a species of vinegar fly restricted to high-elevation woodlands in the mountains of the southern USA and Mexico, which it likely colonized during the last glacial period. ''Drosophila innubila'' is a kind of mushroom-breeding Drosophila, and member of the Drosophila quinaria species group. ''Drosophila innubila'' is best known for its association with a strain of male-killing ''Wolbachia'' bacteria. These bacteria are parasitic, as they drain resources from the host and cause half the infected female's eggs to abort. However ''Wolbachia'' may offer benefits to the fly's fitness in certain circumstances. The ''D. innubila'' genome was sequenced in 2019. Symbiosis ''Drosophila innubila'' is stably infected by a strain of male-killing ''Wolbachia'' bacteria. The association between ''Drosophila innubila'' and ''Wolbachia'' can vary greatly within local populations. However, their relationship is very consistent across the overall ''Drosophila innubila'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Falleni
. ''Drosophila falleni'' is a species of fly found in northeastern North America. A mycophagous insect, it is known to feed on the fruit bodies (mushrooms) of several genera of fungi, including ''Agaricus'', ''Amanita'', ''Agrocybe'', ''Boletus'', ''Cortinarius'', ''Pluteus'' ''Grifola'', ''Polyporus'', ''Hypholoma'', ''Russula'', ''Mycena'', ''Stropharia'', and ''Xerula''. The fly can be infested by the parasitic nematode ''Howardula aoronymphium'', which enters the fly larvae when it is feeding on mushrooms. ''Drosophila falleni'' are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract ''D. falleni'' to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its nematode parasite ''Howardula aoronymphium''. Infection by ''H. aoronymphium'' alters ''D. falleni'' olfactory preferences, causing infected flies to become more averse to acetate-containing compounds such as ethyl acetate or propyl acetate. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Phalerata
''Drosophila phalerata'' is a species of mushroom-feeding fruit fly in the Drosophila quinaria species group. The genome of ''D. phalerata'' was sequenced in 2019 as part of a study on the evolution of immune systems, but was not assembled de novo. Unlike its sister species '' D. innubila'', the anterior and posterior costal wing veins of ''D. phalerata'' show prominent melanin deposition (see gallery below). Drosophila quinaria species group flies including the related '' D. guttifera'' display marked variation in their wing patterning, and melanin synthesis and deposition has been used as an obvious and malleable trait to study the regulation of gene expression. Gallery File: Dphalerata male.tif , ''D. phalerata'' male File: Dphalerata female.tif , ''D. phalerata'' female File: Dphalerata dorsal setae female.tif , Image of dorsal setae of a ''D. phalerata'' female File: Dphalerata wing female.tif , Image of melanin deposition along the anterior and posterior costal wing ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testacea Species Group
The ''Drosophila testacea'' species group belongs to the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila, and contains 4 species: '' Drosophila putrida'', ''Drosophila neotestacea'', '' Drosophila testacea'', and ''Drosophila orientacea''.Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992. Systematics and Modes of Reproductive Isolation in the Holarctic Drosophila testacea Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/85/6/671/2759036 Testacea species are specialist mushroom-feeding flies, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms. The Testacea species group is studied for its specialist ecology, population genetics, and bacterial endosymbionts. The North American species ''Drosophila neotestacea'' is perhaps the best-studied of the group for its interactions with parasitic wasps and nematodes, bacterial endosymbionts, and trypanosomatid parasites. Of note, selfish X chromosomes (a form of meiotic drive) have been discovered in three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
