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Muna–Buton Languages
The Muna–Buton languages are a group of languages spoken on the islands of Muna and Buton off the coast of South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family. Internal classification The ''Ethnologue'' classifies the Muna–Buton languages as follows, based on van den Berg (2003) and Donohue (2004):Mark Donohue. (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In John Bowden and Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.), ''Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology'', 21-35. Canberra: Australian National University. *Nuclear Muna–Buton **Buton ***East Buton: Lasalimu, Kumbewaha ***West Buton: Cia-Cia **Munan *** Busoa ***Munic **** Kaimbulawa ****Western Munic: Liabuku, Muna (Wuna), Pancana, Kioko *Tukangbesi–Bonerate: Tukang Besi, Bonerate In earlier classifications, Wolio, spoken in the city of Baubau (seat of the court of the former Sultanate of Buton) and its immediate surroundings, and Laiyolo, spoken in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kioko Language
Pancana is an Austronesian language of Buton Island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It belongs to the Muna–Buton languages, Muna–Buton branch of the Celebic languages, Celebic subgroup. It is in the Munic subbranch of the Muna–Buton languages. References Muna–Buton languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Celebic
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi. Subgrouping Internal classification David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows. *Celebic ** Tomini–Tolitoli ** Kaili–Pamona ** Wotu–Wolio ** Eastern *** Saluan–Banggai ***Southeastern **** Bungku–Tolaki **** Muna–Buton More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili– Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify in Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whether certain corres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bone Gulf
__NOTOC__ The Gulf of Boni (), also known as the Gulf of Bone, Bay of Boni, and Bone Bay, is the gulf which divides the South and Southeast Peninsulas of the island of Sulawesi (Celebes) in Indonesia. It opens on the south into the Banda Sea. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Gulf of Boni (or Bone) as being one of the divisions of the East Indian Archipelago. It is defined as the waters north of the "line from Tanjung Lassa, Celebes, to the North point of Kabaena Island () and thence up this meridian to the coast of Celebes". See also *Gulf of Tomini *Gulf of Tolo The Gulf of Tolo ( or '), also known as the Bay of Tolo, is the body of water lying between the eastern and south-eastern peninsulas of the island of Sulawesi (Celebes) in Indonesia. Unlike the Gulf of Tomini to its north or the Gulf of Boni ... References Citations Bibliography * . Bays of Indonesia Landforms of Sulawesi Landforms of South Sulawesi Landforms of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wotu Language
Wotu is an endangered Austronesian language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, .... It belongs to the Wotu–Wolio branch of the Celebic subgroup.Mead, David. (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup." In Lynch, John (ed.). ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', pp. 115-141. Canberra: Australian National University. (Pacific Linguistics 550) References Wotu–Wolio languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wotu–Wolio Languages
The Wotu–Wolio languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in Sulawesi that belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family. Classification The Wotu–Wolio languages comprise five languages which are grouped into three branches: * Kalao– Laiyolo, spoken on the Selayar Islands (South Sulawesi). * Wolio– Kamaru, spoken on Buton Island (Southeast Sulawesi). *'' Wotu'', spoken in Wotu district (South Sulawesi) at the northern shore of the Bone Gulf. While in earlier classifications, Wolio, Laiyolo, and later also Wotu, were included in the Muna–Buton subgroup, Donohue (2004) has shown that based on phonological evidence, the Wotu–Wolio languages form a distinct subgroup of their own. Mead (2003) included the Wotu–Wolio languages as one out of six branches in the Celebic subgroup.Mead, David. (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup." In Lynch, John (ed.). ''Issues in Austronesian historical phonology'', pp. 115-141. Canberra: Australian N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selayar Island
Selayar is the main island of the Selayar Islands (''Kepulauan Selayar''). It lies off the coast of Cape Bira of South Sulawesi Province. The Selayar Straits separate it from the mainland of Sulawesi. Its principal town is Benteng, while much smaller towns to the south are Tanabau, Padang, Tile-tile, Pariangan, Galung, Layolo, Pa'garangang, Barangbarang, to Appattanah. To the north are Parak, Barugayya, Batangmata, Onto, and finally Bonelohe. The island is over long and very narrow at the northern and southern ends; its area is . Benteng is the starting point for diving tours. Nearby dive sites From Benteng, there are: * Pulau Kambing (Goat Island), is located in the Selayar Straits. It has white-tipped and black-tipped sharks, bumhead parrotfishes, scorpionfishes, cuttlefish or an octopus and with luck the zebra batfish. * Selayar Atoll: 10 min to 1 hour, slopes down to , sandy bottom, sea slugs, Napoleon fishes, pipe fishes, Dugong. * Selayar East: 1 to 2 hours, pelagi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laiyolo Language
Laiyolo (Layolo) or Loa’ is an Austronesian language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is spoken at the southern tip of Selayar Island Selayar is the main island of the Selayar Islands (''Kepulauan Selayar''). It lies off the coast of Cape Bira of South Sulawesi Province. The Selayar Straits separate it from the mainland of Sulawesi. Its principal town is Benteng, while much ... and belongs to the Wotu–Wolio branch of the Celebic subgroup. Barang-Barang is a variety of Laiyolo.Laidig, Wyn D. and Maingak, Sahabu Dg. 1999. Barang-barang phonology: a preliminary description. In Wyn D. Laidig (ed.), ''Studies in Sulawesi linguistics'', part VI, 46-83. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. References Wotu–Wolio languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baubau
Baubau is a city in Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The city is located on the southwest coast of Buton island. Baubau attained city status on 21 June 2001 after Law Number 13 of 2001 was passed. It covers an area of , of which about is water. It had a population of 136,991 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 159,248 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate in mid-2023 was 161,280. The city is the economic center of the Buton Island region and the second-largest city in the province. It was the cultural center of the Butonese people, the former capital of the Sultanate of Buton, the seat of the colonial administration of Eastern Sulawesi (Afdeeling Ost Celebes), and briefly the capital of the entire Southeast Sulawesi regency until 1955 when the capital status shifted to neighbouring Kendari. History Etymology There are several theories regarding the origin of the city's name. The first traces it to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
