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Multiplicity (other)
Multiplicity may refer to: In science and the humanities * Multiplicity (mathematics), the number of times an element is repeated in a multiset * Multiplicity (philosophy), a philosophical concept * Multiplicity (psychology), having or using multiple personalities * Multiplicity (chemistry), multiplicity in quantum chemistry is a function of angular spin momentum * Multiplicity (software), a software application which allows a user to control two or more computers from one mouse and keyboard * Multiplicity, a type of relationship in class diagrams for Unified Modeling Language used in software engineering * Multiplicity (statistical mechanics), the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate in a thermodynamic system, symbolized by the Greek letter Ω * Statistical multiplicity, also known as the problem of multiple comparisons In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical infe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (mathematics)
In mathematics, the multiplicity of a member of a multiset is the number of times it appears in the multiset. For example, the number of times a given polynomial has a root at a given point is the multiplicity of that root. The notion of multiplicity is important to be able to count correctly without specifying exceptions (for example, ''double roots'' counted twice). Hence the expression, "counted with multiplicity". If multiplicity is ignored, this may be emphasized by counting the number of ''distinct'' elements, as in "the number of distinct roots". However, whenever a set (as opposed to multiset) is formed, multiplicity is automatically ignored, without requiring use of the term "distinct". Multiplicity of a prime factor In prime factorization, the multiplicity of a prime factor is its p-adic valuation. For example, the prime factorization of the integer is : the multiplicity of the prime factor is , while the multiplicity of each of the prime factors and is . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (philosophy)
Multiplicity (french: multiplicité) is a philosophical concept developed by Edmund Husserl and Henri Bergson from Riemann's description of the mathematical concept. In his essay The Idea of Duration, Bergson discusses multiplicity in light of the notion of unity. Whereas a unity refers to a given thing in as far as it is a whole, multiplicity refers to the "parts f the unitywhich can be considered separately." Bergson distinguishes two kinds of multiplicity: one form of multiplicity refers to parts which are quantitative, distinct, and countable, and the other form of multiplicity refers to parts that are qualitative, which interpenetrate, and which each can give rise to qualitatively different perception of the whole. Multiplicity in Gilles Deleuze's philosophy Multiplicity forms an important part of the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, particularly in his collaboration with Félix Guattari, ''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (1972–80). In his ''Foucault'' (1986), Deleuze descri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (psychology)
Plurality or multiplicity is the psychological phenomenon in which a body can feature multiple distinct or overlapping consciousnesses, each with their own degree of individuality. This phenomenon can feature in identity disturbance, dissociative identity disorder, and other specified dissociative disorders. Some individuals describe their experience of plurality as a form of neurodiversity, rather than something that demands a diagnosis. There are a number of ways that the phenomenon is conceptualized and discussed among members of associated online subcultures, including dissociative disorders and spiritual and cultural practices such as tulpamancy. Among members of these subcultures, distinct consciousnesses are often termed "headmates", "alters", "parts", or "selves", with terms for a group of headmates including "system", "collective", and others. One who does not experience plurality is typically called a "singlet". In personality research, plurality can also be referred to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (chemistry)
In spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, the multiplicity of an energy level is defined as ''2S+1'', where ''S'' is the total spin angular momentum. States with multiplicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are respectively called singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets and quintets. In the ground state of an atom or molecule, the unpaired electrons usually all have parallel spin. In this case the multiplicity is also equal to the number of unpaired electrons plus one. Atoms The multiplicity is often equal to the number of possible orientations of the total spin relative to the total orbital angular momentum ''L'', and therefore to the number of near–degenerate levels that differ only in their spin–orbit interaction energy. For example, the ground state of a carbon atom is 3P. The superscript three (read as ''triplet'') indicates that the multiplicity ''2S+1'' = 3, so that the total spin ''S'' = 1. This spin is due to two unpaired electrons, as a result of Hund's rule which favors the single ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (software)
Multiplicity is a computer program that enables one keyboard and mouse to access two or more ''client'' computers from a ''host'' computer. It was developed for Stardock as part of their ThinkDesk subscription service, but is available separately. Operation and features Multiplicity is unlike remote desktop applications in that instead of opening windows to a client computer on a host computer’s desktop, the mouse pointer and keyboard focus shifts from one computer to another. It is closer in concept to a KVM switch, but while these have multiple cables to each computer, with Multiplicity the keyboard and mouse remain connected to the host computer and input is forwarded from the host to client machines via network connections — typically over TCP/IP port 30564. Each computer uses its own display. Switching is triggered by movement of the mouse to the appropriate side of the screen (or keyboard shortcuts, if desired), both from the desktop and in full-screen video modes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class Diagram
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects. The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling, translating the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling. The classes in a class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be programmed. In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments: * The top compartment contains the name of the class. It is printed in bold and centered, and the first letter is capitalized. * The middle compartment contains the attributes of the class. They are left-aligned and the first let ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (statistical Mechanics)
In statistical mechanics, multiplicity (also called statistical weight) refers to the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate of a thermodynamic system. Commonly denoted \Omega, it is related to the configuration entropy of an isolated system via Boltzmann's entropy formula S = k_\text \log \Omega, where S is the entropy and k_\text = 1.38\cdot 10^ \, \mathrm is Boltzmann's constant. Example: the two-state paramagnet A simplified model of the two-state paramagnet provides an example of the process of calculating the multiplicity of particular macrostate. This model consists of a system of N microscopic dipoles \mu which may either be aligned or anti-aligned with an externally applied magnetic field B. Let N_\uparrow represent the number of dipoles that are aligned with the external field and N_\downarrow represent the number of anti-aligned dipoles. The energy of a single aligned dipole is U_\uparrow = -\mu B, while the energy of an anti-aligned dipole is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microstate (statistical Mechanics)
In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system that the system may occupy with a certain probability in the course of its thermal fluctuations. In contrast, the macrostate of a system refers to its macroscopic properties, such as its temperature, pressure, volume and density. Treatments on statistical mechanics define a macrostate as follows: a particular set of values of energy, the number of particles, and the volume of an isolated thermodynamic system is said to specify a particular macrostate of it. In this description, microstates appear as different possible ways the system can achieve a particular macrostate. A macrostate is characterized by a probability distribution of possible states across a certain statistical ensemble of all microstates. This distribution describes the probability of finding the system in a certain microstate. In the thermodynamic limit, the microstates visited by a macroscopic system during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrostate
In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system that the system may occupy with a certain probability in the course of its thermal fluctuations. In contrast, the macrostate of a system refers to its macroscopic properties, such as its temperature, pressure, volume and density. Treatments on statistical mechanics define a macrostate as follows: a particular set of values of energy, the number of particles, and the volume of an isolated thermodynamic system is said to specify a particular macrostate of it. In this description, microstates appear as different possible ways the system can achieve a particular macrostate. A macrostate is characterized by a probability distribution of possible states across a certain statistical ensemble of all microstates. This distribution describes the probability of finding the system in a certain microstate. In the thermodynamic limit, the microstates visited by a macroscopic system during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermodynamic System
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation, confined in space by walls, with defined permeabilities, which separate it from its surroundings. The surroundings may include other thermodynamic systems, or physical systems that are not thermodynamic systems. A wall of a thermodynamic system may be purely notional, when it is described as being 'permeable' to all matter, all radiation, and all forces. A state of a thermodynamic system can be fully described in several different ways, by several different sets of thermodynamic state variables. A widely used distinction is between ''isolated'', ''closed'', and ''open'' thermodynamic systems. An isolated thermodynamic system has walls that are non-conductive of heat and perfectly reflective of all radiation, that are rigid and immovable, and that are impermeable to all forms of matter and all forces. (Some writers use the word 'closed' when here the word 'isolated' is being used.) A closed thermodynamic system is c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Comparisons
In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values. The more inferences are made, the more likely erroneous inferences become. Several statistical techniques have been developed to address that problem, typically by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons, so as to compensate for the number of inferences being made. History The problem of multiple comparisons received increased attention in the 1950s with the work of statisticians such as Tukey and Scheffé. Over the ensuing decades, many procedures were developed to address the problem. In 1996, the first international conference on multiple comparison procedures took place in Israel. Definition Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicity (film)
''Multiplicity'' is a 1996 American science fiction comedy film starring Michael Keaton and Andie MacDowell about a man able to duplicate himself by machine, each duplicate developing a different personality, causing problems. It was based on Chris Miller's short story "Multiplicity", published in '' National Lampoon'' magazine, Spring 1993. The film was co-produced and directed by Harold Ramis. The original music score was composed by George Fenton. The film was released July 17, 1996. It received mixed reviews from critics, and grossed a worldwide total of $21 million at the box office, significantly less than its $45 million budget. Plot Doug Kinney works in construction in Los Angeles and his job is constantly getting in the way of his family. Working on a new wing of a scientific facility, Doug meets Dr. Leeds, a friendly scientist who has successfully developed a method for cloning humans. He is introduced to Dr. Leeds' clone as proof. Sympathetic to Doug's troubles, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
