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Monoterpene Epsilon-lactone Hydrolase
The enzyme monoterpene ε-lactone hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.83, MLH; systematic name isoprop(en)ylmethyloxepan-2-one lactonohydrolase catalyses the reaction : (1) isoprop(en)ylmethyloxepan-2-one + H2O \rightleftharpoons 6-hydroxyisoprop(en)ylmethylhexanoate (general reaction) : (2) 4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one + H2O \rightleftharpoons 6-hydroxy-3-isopropenylheptanoate : (3) 7-isopropyl-4-methyloxepan-2-one + H2O \rightleftharpoons 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanoate The enzyme catalyses the ring opening of ε-lactones in Gram-positive bacterium ''Rhodococcus erythropolis ''Rhodococcus erythropolis'' is a bacterium species in the genus ''Rhodococcus''. It is Gram-positive. ''R. erythropolis'' has been isolated from the air of the Russian Space Laboratory Mir along with a large number of other microorganisms tha ...'' DCL14. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 3.1.1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalysis
Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form intermediates that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst. Catalysis may be classified as either homogeneous, whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant, or heterogeneous, whose components are not in the same phase. Enzymes and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category. Catalysis is ubiquitous in chemical industry of all kinds. Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactones
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure (), or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. Lactones are formed by intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids, which takes place spontaneously when the ring that is formed is five- or six-membered. Lactones with three- or four-membered rings (α-lactones and β-lactones) are very reactive, making their isolation difficult. Special methods are normally required for the laboratory synthesis of small-ring lactones as well as those that contain rings larger than six-membered. Nomenclature Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodococcus Erythropolis
''Rhodococcus erythropolis'' is a bacterium species in the genus ''Rhodococcus''. It is Gram-positive. ''R. erythropolis'' has been isolated from the air of the Russian Space Laboratory Mir along with a large number of other microorganisms that steadily accumulated during the lifespan of the station. ''Rhodococcus'' bacteria are known to degrade organic compounds contained in the rubber used aboard the space station with specialized enzymes Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecule .... This can lead to degradation of critical components and necessitates replacement of the parts or preventive measures dealing with microbial contamination. References Further reading * * *Kuhad, Ramesh Chander, and Ajay Singh. Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
