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Mongol Invasions Of Đại Việt
Four major military campaigns were launched by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–88. The campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats. In contrast, modern Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders. The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the Song dynasty. The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasions And Conquests
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire ( 1206- 1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. In addition, Mongol expeditions may have spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to spark the Black Death of the 14th century. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. The rise of the Mongols was preceded by 15 years of wet and warm weather conditions from 1211 to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kublai Khan
Kublai ; Mongolian script: ; (23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294, although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position. He proclaimed the empire's dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and ruled Yuan China until his death in 1294. Kublai was the second son of Tolui by his chief wife Sorghaghtani Beki, and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He was almost 12 when Genghis Khan died in 1227. He had succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire. Kublai's real power was limited to the Yuan Empire, even though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indravarman V
Indravarman V, Harideva, or Jaya Simhavarman, was a king of Champa whose reign began in 1257 when he assassinated his uncle Jaya Indravarman VI, but waited until 1266 for his coronation. Declining to submit himself in person to the Mongol Khan, Kublai Khan, he nevertheless "subjected himself to this humiliation" of the Mongol commanders Sogetu and Liu Chong dividing his kingdom into administrative units. His son, Chế Mân, "could not resign himself."Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., Sogetu launched an invasion in 1282, forcing Indravarman and Harijit to flee to the mountains. Refusing to present himself in court and make an act of vassalage, he subjected the Mongols to suffer "heat, illness, and a lack of supplies." Desertions amongst the Mongols also took their toll. Finally, after Sogetu's death in 1285, "Champa found itself delivered of the Mongols." Indravarman did send an ambassador to Kublai on 6 Oct. 1285, and probably died soon afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lê Phụ Trần
Lê Phụ Trần (?–?) was a general of the Trần Dynasty during the reigns of three successive emperors: Thái Tông, Thánh Tông, and Nhân Tông. As a skilled general on the battlefield, he was one of the few commanders of the Trần Dynasty army during the three Mongol invasions of Đại Việt who did not come from the Trần clan. Besides his military activities, Lê Phụ Trần also took charge of the position royal professor for crown prince Trần Khâm who eventually became the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông. For his merits, the Emperor Trần Thái Tông decided to grant Lê Phụ Trần a marriage with the former empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng. History There was only a brief account about Lê Phụ Trần (''Lê who serves the Trần Dynasty'') in historical books as the exact dates of his birth and death were unknown. It was said that his former name was Lê Tần ( 黎 秦) and that he was of Ái Châu origin. According to '' Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trần Thái Tông
Trần Thái Tông (17 July 1218 – 5 May 1277), personal name Trần Cảnh or Trần Nhật Cảnh, temple name Thái Tông, was the first emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigned Đại Việt for 33 years (1226–58), being Retired Emperor for 19 years. He reigned during the first Mongol invasion of Vietnam before eventually abdicating in favor of his son Trần Hoảng (Trần Thánh Tông) in 1258. Early life The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian before they migrated under Trần Kính (陳京, Chén Jīng) to Đại Việt. According to a Chinese writer, Zhou Mi (1232–1298), Trần Nhật Cảnh's real name was Hsieh Sheng-ch'ing, "a man from Qinglo district in Fujian". Trần Cảnh ( 陳 煚) was born in 1218 in modern-day Nam Định province during the last years of the Lý. Trần Thủ Độ, his uncle, prepared the way for his marriage to Empress Lý Chiêu Hoàng, the last empress of the House of Lý, who later abdicated to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liu Chun-Ching
/ ( or ) is an East Asian surname. pinyin: in Mandarin Chinese, in Cantonese. It is the family name of the Han dynasty emperors. The character originally meant 'kill', but is now used only as a surname. It is listed 252nd in the classic text Hundred Family Surnames. Today, it is the 4th most common surname in Mainland China as well as one of the most common surnames in the world. Distribution In 2019 劉 was the fourth most common surname in Mainland China. Additionally, it was the most common surname in Jiangxi province. In 2013 it was found to be the 5th most common surname, shared by 67,700,000 people or 5.1% of the population, with the province with the most people being Shandong.中国四百大姓, 袁义达, 邱家儒, Beijing Book Co. Inc., 1 January 2013 Origin One source is that they descend from the Qí (祁) clan of Emperor Yao. For example the founding emperor of the Han dynasty (one of China's golden ages), Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han) was a descendant of E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trần Ích Tắc
Trần Ích Tắc ( vi-hantu, 陳益稷, Chen Yiji, 1254–1329), or Prince Chiêu Quốc (Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: Chiêu Quốc vương / wikt:昭, 昭wikt:國, 國wikt:王, 王), was a prince of Đại Việt, the fifth son of List of emperors of the Trần dynasty, emperor Trần Thái Tông of the Trần dynasty, and the younger brother of the Emperor Trần Thánh Tông and grand chancellor Trần Quang Khải. Before the Mongol invasions of Vietnam, invasion of Vietnam by the Yuan dynasty, Trần Ích Tắc was the most famous prince of Trần Thái Tông, known for his intelligence and broad knowledge. The mansion of Prince Chiêu Quốc in Hanoi, Thăng Long was also a renowned school of the capital. In the beginning of the Yuan-Tran war, Trần Ích Tắc surrendered to Kublai Khan's prince Toghan Temur, Toghan and thus became the highest-ranking official of the Trần dynasty to do so. However, later the Tran dynasty was ultimately able to defeat the Yuan invasion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liu Gui
/ ( or ) is an East Asian surname. pinyin: in Mandarin Chinese, in Cantonese. It is the family name of the Han dynasty emperors. The character originally meant 'kill', but is now used only as a surname. It is listed 252nd in the classic text Hundred Family Surnames. Today, it is the 4th most common surname in Mainland China as well as one of the most common surnames in the world. Distribution In 2019 劉 was the fourth most common surname in Mainland China. Additionally, it was the most common surname in Jiangxi province. In 2013 it was found to be the 5th most common surname, shared by 67,700,000 people or 5.1% of the population, with the province with the most people being Shandong.中国四百大姓, 袁义达, 邱家儒, Beijing Book Co. Inc., 1 January 2013 Origin One source is that they descend from the Qí (祁) clan of Emperor Yao. For example the founding emperor of the Han dynasty (one of China's golden ages), Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han) was a descendant of E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omar (Yuan)
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ( ar, عمر بن الخطاب, also spelled Omar, ) was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr () as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet ''al-Fārūq'' ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title ''al-Fārūq'' ('the Distinguisher') upon Umar, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr () as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toghon (son Of Kublai)
Toghon ( mn, Тогоон, , vi, Thoát Hoan, died 1301), also Toghan, Togon or Tūqān ( fa, توقان), was the ninth son of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty. He was granted the title Prince of Zhennan (鎮南王, mn, Жэнь Нань ван, vi, Trấn Nam vương "Prince of South Suppressing") and moved his household to Ezhou in 1284. In the next year, he was dispatched to conquer Champa. He demanded from Đại Việt (now modern Vietnam) a route to Champa, which would trap the Champan army from both north and south, but it was rejected by retired emperor Trần Thánh Tông, whom was the ''de facto'' ruler of Đại Việt. As a result, Toghon decided to attack Đại Việt. At first he won several victories and captured Thăng Long, the capital of Đại Việt. Trần Thánh Tông had to offer princess An Tư to him to slow down the pace of the Mongol army. Later he was defeated by Trần Hưng Đạo and fled back to Huguang province. In 1287, he invaded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
