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Mogrosides
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siraitia Grosvenorii
''Siraitia grosvenorii'', also known as monkfruit or ''luohan guo'', is a herbaceous perennial vine of the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is native to southern China. The plant is cultivated for its fruit extract, called mogrosides, which creates a sweetness sensation 250 times stronger than sucrose. Mogroside extract has been used as a low-calorie sweetener for drinks and in traditional Chinese medicine. The scientific species name honors Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, who, as president of the National Geographic Society, helped to fund an expedition in the 1930s to find the living plant in China where it was already being cultivated. Etymology and regional names The fruit was first mentioned in the records of 13th-century Chinese monks in Guangxi in the region of Guilin. The difficulty of cultivation meant the fruit did not become part of the Chinese herbal tradition which depended on more readily available products. ''Luóhàn'' (羅漢) is a shortened form of ''āluóhàn'' (), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside II E
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1, Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside II A1, 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2, Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside V
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside III A2
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside II B
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside II A1
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mogroside VI
A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' (known as monkfruit or luo han guo).Subhuti Dharmananda (January 2004)"Luo han guo - Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb" Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Mogrosides are extracted from ''S. grosvenorii'' and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. Mogrosides Mogrosides include: * Mogrol * Mogroside II A1 * Mogroside II B * 7-Oxomogroside II E * 11-Oxomogroside A1 * Mogroside III A2 * 11-Deoxymogroside III * 11-Oxomogroside IV A * Mogroside V * 7-Oxomogroside V * 11-Oxo-mogroside V * Mogroside VI Mogroside V is the main component of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit. Biosynthesis One analysis of 200 candidate genes of ''Siraitia grosvenorii'' revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthase
In biochemistry, a synthase is an enzyme that catalyses a synthesis process. Note that, originally, biochemical nomenclature distinguished synthetases and synthases. Under the original definition, synthases do not use energy from nucleoside triphosphates (such as ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP), whereas synthetases do use nucleoside triphosphates. However, the Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) dictates that 'synthase' can be used with any enzyme that catalyzes synthesis (whether or not it uses nucleoside triphosphates), whereas 'synthetase' is to be used synonymously with 'ligase'. Examples * ATP synthase * Citrate synthase * Tryptophan synthase * Pseudouridine synthase * Fatty acid synthase * Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) * Cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) In enzymology, a cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :GDP-glucose + (1,4-beta-D-glucosyl)n \rightleftharpoons GDP + (1,4-beta-D-glucosyl)n+1 Thus, the tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triterpenoid
Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids. Structures Triterpenes exist in a great variety of structures. Nearly 200 different skeletons have been identified. These skeletons may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. In general pentacyclic structures (5 rings) tend to dominate. Squalene is biosynthesized through the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate units. This coupling converts a pair of C15 components into a C30 product. Squalene serves as precursor for the formation of many triterpenoids, including bacterial hopanoids and eukaryotic sterols. Triterpenoids By definition triterpenoids are triterpenes that possess heteroatoms, usually oxygen. The terms ''triterpene'' and ''triterpenoid'' ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epoxide Hydrolase
Epoxide hydrolases (EH's), also known as epoxide hydratases, are enzymes that metabolize compounds that contain an epoxide residue; they convert this residue to two hydroxyl residues through an epoxide hydrolysis reaction to form diol products. Several enzymes possess EH activity. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (epoxide hydrolase 1, EH1, or mEH), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, epoxide hydrolase 2, EH2, or cytoplasmic epoxide hydrolase), and the more recently discovered but not as yet well defined functionally, epoxide hydrolase 3 (EH3) and epoxide hydrolase 4 (EH4) are structurally closely related isozymes. Other enzymes with epoxide hydrolase activity include leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Cholesterol-5,6-oxide hydrolase, MEST (gene) (Peg1/MEST), and Hepoxilin-epoxide hydrolase. The hydrolases are distinguished from each other by their substrate preferences and, directly related to this, their functions. Epoxide hydrolase types mEH (EH1), sEH (EH2), EH3, and EH4 isozymes Human ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squalene Epoxidase
Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is a eukaryotic enzyme that uses NADPH and diatomic oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the ''SQLE'' gene. Several eukaryote genomes lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that performs the same task. Mechanism The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted into the substrate as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. This enzyme contains a loosely bound FAD ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a Protein superfamily, superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor (biochemistry), cofactor that functions as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance (pharmacology), clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Ronald W. Estabrook, Estabrook, David Y. Cooper, Cooper, and Otto Rosenthal, Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite, defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones. CYP enzymes have been identified in all kingdom (biology), kingdoms of life: animals, plants, fungus, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea, as well as in viruses. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in ''Escherichia coli''. , more than 300,000 distinct CYP proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
