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Moderus Gamma
The Moderus Gamma is an articulated tram manufactured in Biskupice, Poland, since 2016 by , a subsidiary of transport operator . Planning began in 2008 and the prototype was completed in 2016. Variants Multiple variants of the Gamma tram exist, are ordered or are under construction. *Gamma LF 02 AC (Poznań) *Gamma LF 03 AC BD (Poznań) *Gamma LF 06 AC (Łódź) *Gamma LF 07 AC (Wrocław) *Gamma LF 10 AC BD (Woltersdorf) Technical specifications The Poznań tram cars are long, wide and have a power output of 400 kW. They are fitted with IGBT transistors. Five-section Gamma trams have a length of . The prototype was equipped with capacitors for storing the energy produced during regenerative braking. Interior The interior of the tram includes air conditioning, USB sockets and a passenger information system. The prototype has capacity for 244 passengers with 66 seats, including three folding seats. The uni-directional trams have a passenger capacity of 240 and the bi-directi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biskupice, Poznań County
Biskupice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pobiedziska, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship Greater Poland Voivodeship ( pl, Województwo wielkopolskie; ), also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Wielkopolska Province, or Greater Poland Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 o ..., in west-central Poland. References Villages in Poznań County {{Poznań-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passenger Information System
A passenger information system, or passenger information display system, is an automated system for supplying users of public transport with information about the nature and the state of a public transport service through visual, voice or other media. It is also known as a customer information system or an operational information system. Among the information provided by such systems, a distinction can be drawn between: * Static or schedule information, which changes only occasionally and is typically used for journey planning prior to departure. * Real-time information, derived from automatic vehicle location systems and changes continuously as a result of real-world events, which is typically used during the course of a journey (primarily how close the service is running to time and when it is due at a stop, as well as incidents that affect service operations, platform changes, etc.). Static information has traditionally been made available in printed form though route netw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tram Vehicles Of Poland
A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated Right-of-way (transportation), right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport are called tramways or simply trams/streetcars. Many recently built tramways use the contemporary term light rail. The vehicles are called streetcars or trolleys (not to be confused with trolleybus) in North America and trams or tramcars elsewhere. The first two terms are often used interchangeably in the United States, with ''trolley'' being the preferred term in the eastern US and ''streetcar'' in the western US. ''Streetcar'' or ''tramway'' are preferred in Canada. In parts of the United States, internally powered buses made to resemble a streetcar are often referred to as "trolleys". To avoid further confusion with trolley buses, the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) refers to them as "trolley- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woltersdorf Tramway
The Woltersdorf Tramway (''Woltersdorfer Straßenbahn'') is a standard gauge tramway, located in Woltersdorf, Brandenburg, near Berlin, Germany. The line is notable for its use of historic vehicles, using 4 wheeled trams, built in the early 1960s. The line was constructed in 1913, to connect Woltersdorf to the Berlin Suburban railways. It is one of the smallest tram operators in Germany, and has not expanded beyond its 1913 route. Route The line starts at Berlin-Rahnsdorf station, where it connects with Berlin S-Bahn line S3. It then runs through Köpenick Forest, passing from Berlin into Brandenburg. It then travels along Berliner Strasse, into Woltersdorf. At Thälmanplatz, there is a short spur to the depot. The line then runs to Woltersdorf Hospital, before terminating at Woltersdorf, Schleuse. Operations The line operates a 20 minute service, using 2 trams, with an additional tram at peak hours, giving a 10 minute service between Berliner Platz and Rahnsdorf. The compa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silesian Interurbans
Silesian Trams ( pl, Tramwaje Konurbacji Śląskiej) is one of the largest tram systems in the world and the largest and longest tram system in Poland, located entirely within the Silesian Voivodeship. Started as a part of the German Empire in 1894, the system currently has 677 stops across 29 lines and serves the region’s population inhabited by more than two million people. Silesian Trams is at the heart of a region known for its dense historical and current industrialisation (coal, coke (fuel), coke, steel and other industries). Due to the deindustrialization since the 1990s and subsequent lack of investment, several branches were decommissioned in waves. The system runs on a mixture of Street running, on-street track shared with other traffic and reserved track sections segregated from other traffic. The network is spread over more than 50 kilometres (east-west axis) and covers thirteen towns in the Upper Silesia metropolitan area of southern Poland: Katowice, the capital t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trams In Gdańsk
The Gdańsk tram system is a tram network in Gdańsk, Poland that has been in operation since 1873. The tramway is operated by (GAiT) and managed by the (ZTM Gdańsk). There are 11 lines with a total line length of . The system operates on track. Background The route length of the tramway network is . The total track length is . The trams are powered using direct current at 600 V. Network characteristics The entire network is located within the administrative borders of the city of Gdańsk. The tracks are separated from road traffic at 85% of their length. Most of the network is double track. There are single track sections in the Brzeźno and Nowy Port districts functioning as balloon loops. The tramway network primarily covers the Dolny Taras and Śródmieście, and also links Wyspa Portowa and Siedlce. In 2007, the network was expanded to Chełm, and in 2012, it was expanded to Łostowice and Orunia Górna via Ujeścisko. In 2015 trams started running to Piecki-Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been described as a '' sui generis'' political entity (without precedent or comparison) combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.8per cent of the world population in 2020, the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2021, constituting approximately 18per cent of global nominal GDP. Additionally, all EU states but Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Centre For Research And Development In Poland
The National Centre for Research and Development (NCRD, Polish language, Polish: Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju) is an implementing agency in Poland, as it is understood according to the Act on Public Finance of 27 August 2009, established to carry out tasks within the state policies on science, innovation, as well as science and technology. Organisation The Centre's mission is to support Polish companies and science units in developing their abilities to create and make use of solutions based on research results. The above is done for the benefit of the society and to provide a developmental impulse to the Polish economy. Summary The chief aim of the Centre is to support the creation of innovative solutions and technologies that increase the competitiveness and innovation of the Polish economy. The NCRD is to strengthen the collaboration between business and academia, leading both to a greater engagement of entrepreneurs in research funding, as well as to a more effective ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C or AC, is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior environment (sometimes referred to as 'comfort cooling') and in some cases also strictly controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or alternatively a variety of other methods, including passive cooling or ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners, but use a reversing valve to allow them to both heat and also cool an enclosed space. Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used within vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings. Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duewag GT8
The three-part eight-axle articulated trams used on Freiburg im Breisgau's tram network are the DUWAG GT8s. From 1971 to 1991, they were exclusively produced for the Freiburger Verkehrs by the Düsseldorfer Waggonfabrik in three series, which is why they are defined as ''Typ Freiburg''. They have been designed to be used uni-directionally. Construction The structural requirements of Freiburg made it necessary for their own tram type to be created. This was because trams with Jacobs bogies were not suitable for the partially narrow curved radii. Freiburg's trams were based on the type used in Mannheim, also produced by Duewag and built from 1969. This was based on the classic Duewag articulate tram from 1956. In contrast to conventional articulated trams, however, the centre of gravity of Freiburg's trams were not the Jacobs bogies, but underneath the middle section, into which two tram end parts were attached. In addition to the all-axle drive, which was easier to implement, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regenerative Braking
Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, the electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to recover energy that would otherwise be lost to the brake discs as heat. This method contrasts with conventional braking systems. In those systems, the excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes, or with rheostatic brakes, where the energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in resistors. In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system as the mechanical parts will not wear out quickly. General principle The most common form of regenerative brake involves an electric motor functioning as an electric generator. In elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by virtue of accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as the condenser, a term still encountered in a few compound names, such as the ''condenser microphone''. The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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