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Mineriad
The mineriads ( ro, mineriade) were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 1990 Mineriad, June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played Jiu Valley#The 1990s: the rise and decline of miners' unions, a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution. January 1990 mineriad 28 January After the National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square, Bucharest, Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (Romania), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineriad In Early 1990 Bucharest Palatul Victoriei 5
The mineriads ( ro, mineriade) were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution. January 1990 mineriad 28 January After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other historical and newly founded oppositional smaller parties. Even though the anti-Communist demonstration started out (and was intended to be) non-violent, the protesters ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineriad In Early 1990 Bucharest Palatul Victoriei 4
The mineriads ( ro, mineriade) were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution. January 1990 mineriad 28 January After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other historical and newly founded oppositional smaller parties. Even though the anti-Communist demonstration started out (and was intended to be) non-violent, the protesters ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineriad In Early 1990 Bucharest Palatul Victoriei 3
The mineriads ( ro, mineriade) were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution. January 1990 mineriad 28 January After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other historical and newly founded oppositional smaller parties. Even though the anti-Communist demonstration started out (and was intended to be) non-violent, the protesters ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer who served as President of Romania from 1989 until 1996 and from 2000 until 2004. Between 1996 and 2000 and also from 2004 to 2008, the year in which he retired, Iliescu was a senator for the Social Democratic Party (PSD), of which he is the founder and honorary president to this day. Iliescu joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1953 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1965. Beginning with 1971, he was gradually marginalized by Nicolae Ceaușescu. He had a leading role in the Romanian Revolution, becoming the country's president in December 1989. In May 1990, he became Romania's first freely elected head of state. After a new constitution was approved by popular referendum, he served a further two terms, firstly from 1992 to 1996 and then secondly from 2000 to 2004, separated by the presidency of Emil Constantinescu, who defeated him in 1996. In 2004, during his presidency, Romania j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miron Cozma
Miron Cozma (born August 25, 1954) is a former Romanian labor-union organizer and politician, and leader of Romania's Jiu Valley coal miners' union. He is best known for his leading the miners of the Jiu Valley during the September 1991 Mineriad which overthrew the reformist Petre Roman government. Cozma was a controversial character in the 1990s, both within and outside of Jiu Valley. In 2011, he entered in politics and founded Worker's Social Democratic Party. Early life Born in Derna, Bihor, Miron Cozma studied to become an electromechanical assistant engineer. After graduation, he began working as a trainee at the Bărbăteni Mine, while living in Lupeni. He was also in charge with being the DJ of the town's disco. In 1977, he became an informant of the Securitate, using the code name "Paul", sending memos about co-workers until 1983. Trade union leadership In 1990, Cozma was working at the Lonea Coal Mine, being involved in the January 1990 Mineriad, when he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
June 1990 Mineriad
The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of anti- National Salvation Front (FSN) rioting in Bucharest, Romania by the physical intervention of groups of industrial workers as well as coal miners from the Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by the government to counter the rising violence of the protesters.Deletant, Dennis. "Chapter 25: The Security Services since 1989: Turning over a new leaf." 2004. Carey, Henry F., ed. ''Romania since 1989: politics, economics, and society.'' Lexington Books: Oxford. Pages 507-510. This event occurred several weeks after the FSN achieved a landslide victory in the May 1990 gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Salvation Front (Romania)
The National Salvation Front ( ro, Frontul Salvării Naționale, FSN) was the most important political organization formed during the Romanian Revolution in December 1989, which became the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the collapse of the totalitarian communist regime. It subsequently became a political party, the largest post-communist party, and won the 1990 election with 66% of the national vote, under the leadership of then-President Ion Iliescu, who was elected with 85% of the vote. Iliescu nominated again Petre Roman as the Prime Minister of the first cabinet formed after the first free and fair elections. After the fourth ” mineriadă”, Roman was forced to resign. The controversy between the two national leaders was finalized in 1992, at the national Congress of FSN, when the party split in two: the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), under the leadership of President Iliescu; and FSN, under the leadership of Petre Roman (in 1993, it was t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serviciul Român De Informaţii
The Romanian Intelligence Service ( ro, Serviciul Român de Informații, abbreviated SRI) is Romania's main domestic intelligence service. Its role is to gather information relevant to national security and hand it over to relevant institutions, such as Romanian Government, presidency and law enforcement departments and agencies. The service is gathering intelligence by ways such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), open-source intelligence (OSINT) and human intelligence (HUMINT). History Previous intelligence services in Romania In 1865, the Great Chief of Staff of Romania created (inspired by the French system) the 2nd Section (''Secția a II-a'') to gather and analyze military intelligence. By 1925, after several years of efforts, Mihail Moruzov managed to convince the Chief of Staff about the necessity of a secret service that uses civilian employees to gather intelligence for the military. In 1940 it was founded as the Special Service of Intelligence (''Serviciul Special de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proclamation Of Timișoara
The Proclamation of Timișoara was a thirteen-point written document, drafted on March 11, 1990, by the Timișoara participants in Romania's Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1989 Revolution, and partly issued in reaction to the January 1990 Mineriad, first Mineriad. Organized as the ''Timișoara Society'' and other bodies of students and workers, the signers expressed Liberal democracy, liberal-democratic goals, which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy. The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party ''nomenklatura'' and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President of Romania, President (''see Lustration''). Questioning the status of the governing National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front, the Proclamation argued that the latter primarily represented a small group of Communist d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
January 1999 Mineriad
The January 1999 Mineriad was led by miners in Romania against low wages under the leadership of Miron Cozma in January 1999. Protesters marched onto Bucharest and other cities, demonstrating the government's wage policies and low wages, demanding an increase of the wages and better working conditions in the country. History The Jiu Valley miners left again for Bucharest, unhappy with the governmental reduction of the subsidies, which would result in the closing of the mines. The barricade installed by the gendarmes at Costești was crossed by the miners. Near Râmnicu Vâlcea, a Gendarmerie unit was ambushed by the miners. After reaching Râmnicu Vâlcea, they sequestered the prefect of Vâlcea County. Radu Vasile, prime minister at the time, negotiated an agreement with Miron Cozma, the miners' leader, at the nearby Cozia Monastery. On 14 February 1999, Cozma was found guilty for organizing the mineriad and he was sentenced for 18 years in prison. The miners led by Cozma left f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petre Roman
Petre Roman (; born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. He was the first prime minister since 1945 who was not a Communist or fellow traveler (Communist sympathiser). He was also the president of the Senate from 1996 to 1999 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2000. He was the leader of the Democratic Force (FD) party, which he founded after leaving the Democratic Party (PD) in 2003. Currently, he is an MP in the Lower Chamber, elected in 2012. He had been removed from his seat in 2015 after being charged by the National Integrity Agency with incompatibility, but restored to office in 2016 after the Court of Appeals overturned the ruling. He is also a member of the Club of Madrid, a group of more than 80 democratic former statesmen, which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership. Background Petre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jiu Valley
The Jiu Valley ( ro, Valea Jiului ) is a region in southwestern Transylvania, Romania, in Hunedoara county, situated in a valley of the Jiu River between the Retezat Mountains and the Parâng Mountains. The region was heavily industrialised and the main activity was coal mining, but due to low efficiency, most of the mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of Communism in Romania. For a long time the place was called Romania's biggest coalfield. History Before the 19th century The region was populated since ancient times, being part of Dacia. During the Middle Ages, the inhabitants of the Jiu Valley lived in huts spread along the mountains, and often near the river, and the main activity was shepherding. Until the early 19th century the region remained sparsely populated due to its geographical isolation (being surrounded by mountains). 19th century and early 20th century The development of coal mining started in the Jiu Valley about 160 years ago, around the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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