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Metropolitan Waterworks Authority
The Metropolitan Waterworks Authority ( Abrv: MWA; th, การประปานครหลวง, ) is a Thai state enterprise under the Ministry of Interior. Its mission is to produce, distribute, and sell treated water in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Samut Prakan, and engage in related businesses synergistic with waterworks. The MWA began operations on 16 August 1967 under the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority Act B.E. 2510 (1967) to serve potable water to Bangkok, Nonthaburi Province, and Samut Prakan Province. , MWA's governor is Mr Prinya Yamasamit. The chairman of the MWA Board is Mr Vullop Phringphong. History In the reign of King Rama V, when Bangkok had a population of roughly 333,000, the king, returning from his first visit to Europe in 1897, ordered the establishment of a Sanitary Department to provide water to the Bangkok populace. Many still used water from rivers or canals, frequently the source of epidemics. The new department made a survey and dug up a distrib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phra Mae Thorani
Vasundharā or Dharaṇī is a chthonic goddess from Buddhist mythology of Theravada in Southeast Asia. Similar earth deities include Pṛthivī, Kṣiti, and Dharaṇī, Vasudhara bodhisattva in Vajrayana and Bhoomi devi and Prithvi in hinduism. Etymology She is known by various names throughout Southeast Asia. In Khmer, she is known by her title Neang Konghing (, lit. "lady princess"), or as Preah Thoroni () or Preah Mae Thoroni (; "Mother Earth Goddess"). In Burmese, she is known as Wathondare (ဝသုန္ဓရေ) or Wathondara (ဝသုန္ဓရာ) (from pi, vasundharā, earth) and variously transliterated as Wathundari, Wathundaye, Vasundari, etc. In Thai and other Tai languages, she is known as Thorani (from pi, dhāraṇī, lit=ground, earth") in various appellations, including Nang Thorani (), Mae Thorani (), and Phra Mae Thorani (). Iconography and symbology Images of Phra Mae Thorani are common in shrines and Buddhist temples of Burma, Cambodia, T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mae Klong Dam
The Mae Klong Dam ( th, เขื่อนแม่กลอง) is a barrage dam on the Mae Klong River in western Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province. Situated in Tha Muang District, shortly downstream of the provincial capital of Kanchanaburi, it was built as part of the Greater Mae Klong Irrigation Project and was completed in 1970. The barrage is a steel-reinforced concrete structure, 150 metres long and 14 metres high, with eight 12.5-by-7.5-metre radial gates. It regulates the flow of the river, while a network of irrigation canals provides water for agriculture over an area of in six provinces, diverts water to the Tha Chin River, and supplies water for the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority's Maha Sawat Water Treatment Plant, which provides the Thonburi (western) side of Bangkok with running water. A small hydroelectric power plant with two 6-megawatt generators was built in 2006. The dam is jointly operated the Royal Irrigation Department and the Electricity Generating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Enterprises Of Thailand
, the Government of Thailand holds majority ownership in 56 commercial entities that are categorized as state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These include: * Forty-six non-financial SOEs concentrated in key economic sectors such as communications, power generation and distribution, transportation, and water management. Several are among the largest listed companies in Thailand. * Ten financial SOEs, including a state-owned bank, a government pawnshop, and eight specialized financial institutions (SFIs) that carry out high-profile policy functions. * Since the military coup of 2014, there has been a sharp increase in active duty military officers sitting on the boards of state-owned enterprises. Of the 56 state-owned enterprises, 42 have military directors . SOE financials SOE total assets rose from 4.3 trillion baht (US$130 billion) in 2004 to 14.9 trillion baht (US$450.8 billion) in 2016. Revenues increased from 1.4 trillion baht to 4 trillion baht over the same period. As assets have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metropolitan Electricity Authority
The Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) ( th, การไฟฟ้านครหลวง) is a Thai state enterprise under the Ministry of Interior. It was established on 1 August 1958 by the Metropolitan Electricity Authority Act 1958 (BE 2501). Its governor is Mr Somchai Roadrungwasinkul. History The first recorded use of electricity in Thailand was the lighting of the Chakri Maha Prasat Hall of the Grand Palace on the occasion of the birthday of King Chulalongkorn on 20 September 1884. The king took a great interest in electricity, particularly its potential for street lighting. In 1897, Luang Pinitjakrapan and Leo Nadee established the Bangkok Electric Light Syndicate to generate and distribute electricity to the citizens of Bangkok. It was later sold as concession to Siam Electricity Co. Ltd., a Danish company led by Aage Westenholz which at the time also operated the trams. Its main power plant was located at Wat Liap near the Memorial Bridge and thus Wat Liap Powe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provincial Waterworks Authority
The Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) ( th, การประปาส่วนภูมิภาค) is a Thai state enterprise under the Ministry of Interior. The PWA is responsible for the production and distribution of potable water that meets WHO standards to 74 provinces throughout Thailand—all except Bangkok, Samut Prakan, and Nonthaburi)—which are served by the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. History The Provincial Waterworks Authority was established on 28 February 1979, as a state enterprise under the jurisdiction of the Interior Ministry. Prior to the creation of the PWA, water supply services in the provincial areas had been assigned to two government agencies—the Department of Public Works (DOPW) was in charge of the water supply services in municipal areas outside the Bangkok metropolitan area, while the Department of Health (DOH) took care of rural areas. When the performance of these two agencies was found wanting, the government shifted water supply a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulf Of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand, also known as the Gulf of Siam, is a shallow inlet in the southwestern South China Sea, bounded between the southwestern shores of the Indochinese Peninsula and the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. It is around in length and up to in width, and has a surface area of . The gulf is surrounded on the north, west and southwest by the coastlines of Thailand (hence the name), on the northeast by Cambodia and the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, and opens to the South China Sea in the southeast. Names The modern Thai name of the gulf is ''Ao Thai'' ( th, อ่าวไทย, , 'Thai Gulf') and "Gulf of Thailand" has been adopted as the official name of the body by the International Hydrographic Organization. Its name in Malay is he "Gulf of Siam", ''Teluk Siam'', and in km, ឈូងសមុទ្រសៀម'', Chhoung Samut Siem''. In Thai, the gulf is historically known as ''Ao Sayam'' ( th, อ่าวสยาม). In Vietnamese it is known a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiscal Year
A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis but generally not the reporting period to align with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxes, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as council tax and license fees, are also levied on a fiscal year basis, but others are charged on an anniversary basis. Some companies, such as Cisco Systems, end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year: the day ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bang Kruai District
Bang Kruai ( th, บางกรวย, ) is a district (''amphoe'') in the southern part of Nonthaburi province, central Thailand. History The district was created in 1904 and named Bang Yai. Due to its size it was difficult to administer, and thus in 1917 the northern part was split off as minor district (''king amphoe''), Bang Mae Nang. In 1921 Bang Mae Nang became a full district. On 19 October 1930 the district was renamed "Bang Kruai", after the geographic shape of district. ''Kruai'' is the Thai word for 'cone'. On the same date, Bang Mae Nang received the old name of the district, "Bang Yai". Geography Neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise) Bang Yai, Mueang Nonthaburi, the districts Bang Sue, Bang Phlat, Taling Chan, Thawi Watthana of Bangkok, and finally Phutthamonthon ( Nakhon Pathom province). Administration The district is divided into nine sub-districts (''tambons''), which are further subdivided into 60 villages (''mubans''). Since 2002 Bang Krua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyelectrolyte
Polyelectrolytes are polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group. Ion#Anions and cations, Polycations and polyanions are polyelectrolytes. These groups dissociation (chemistry), dissociate in aqueous solutions (water), making the polymers charge (physics), charged. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (salts) and polymers (high molecular weight compounds) and are sometimes called polysalts. Like salts, their solutions are electrically conductive. Like polymers, their solutions are often viscosity, viscous. Charged molecular chains, commonly present in soft matter systems, play a fundamental role in determining structure, stability and the interactions of various molecular assemblies. Theoretical approaches to describing their statistical properties differ profoundly from those of their electrically neutral counterparts, while technological and industrial fields exploit their unique properties. Many biological molecules are polyelectrolytes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alum
An alum () is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double salt, double sulfate salt (chemistry), salt of aluminium with the general chemical formula, formula , where is a valence (chemistry), monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium. By itself, "alum" often refers to potassium alum, with the formula . Other alums are named after the monovalent ion, such as sodium alum and ammonium alum. The name "alum" is also used, more generally, for salts with the same formula and structure, except that aluminium is replaced by another valence (chemistry), trivalent metal ion like chromium#Chromium(III), chromium, and/or sulfur is replaced by another chalcogen like selenium. The most common of these analogs is chrome alum . In most industries, the name "alum" (or "papermaker's alum") is used to refer to aluminium sulfate, , which is used for most industrial flocculation (the variable is an integer whose size depends on the amount of water absorbed into the alum). In medic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Electronegativity#Pauling electronegativity, Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval Alchemy, alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride Salt (chemistry), salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of ). However ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
