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Method Of Smallest Divisors
The highest averages, divisor, or divide-and-round methods are a family of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for fair division of seats in a legislature between several groups (like political parties or states). More generally, divisor methods are used to round shares of a total to a fraction with a fixed denominator (e.g. percentage points, which must add up to 100). The methods aim to treat voters equally by ensuring legislators represent an equal number of voters by ensuring every party has the same seats-to-votes ratio (or ''divisor''). Such methods divide the number of votes by the number of votes needed to win a seat. The final apportionment. In doing so, the method approximately maintains proportional representation, meaning that a party with e.g. twice as many votes will win about twice as many seats. The divisor methods are generally preferred by social choice theorists and mathematicians to the largest remainder methods, as they produce more-proportional resul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apportionment (politics)
Apportionment is the process by which seats in a Legislature, legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to Representation (politics), representation. This page presents the general principles and issues related to apportionment. The apportionment by country page describes the specific practices used around the world. The Mathematics of apportionment page describes mathematical formulations and properties of apportionment rules. The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should One man, one vote, give each vote an equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in laws such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the Equal Protection Clause). One example of deliberate malapportionment is seen in bicameral legislatures: while one house, often called a house of commons or representatives, is based on proportional representation, the other is based on regional representation. This is mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Threshold
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature. This limit can operate in various ways; for example, in party-list proportional representation systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In single transferable voting, the election threshold is called the quota, and it is possible to achieve it by receiving first-choice votes alone or by a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from other candidates based on lower preferences. In mixed-member-proportional (MMP) systems, the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for top-up seats in the legislative chamber. Some MMP systems still allow a party to retain the seats the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constituency
An electoral (congressional, legislative, etc.) district, sometimes called a constituency, riding, or ward, is a geographical portion of a political unit, such as a country, state or province, city, or administrative region, created to provide the voters therein with representation in a legislature or other polity. That legislative body, the state's constitution, or a body established for that purpose determines each district's boundaries and whether each will be represented by a single member or multiple members. Generally, only voters (''constituents'') who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there. The district representative or representatives may be elected by single-winner first-past-the-post system, a multi-winner proportional representative system, or another voting method. The district members may be selected by a direct election under wide adult enfranchisement, an indirect election, or direct election using another form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Quota
In proportional representation systems, an electoral quota is the number of votes a candidate needs to be guaranteed election. They are used in some systems where a formula other than plurality is used to allocate seats. Generally quotas are set at a level that is guaranteed to apportion only as many seats as are being filled in the contest. Hence, the Droop quota (votes/seats+1, plus 1) is used. When the electorate is divided into separate districts, the quota is commonly set by reference to valid votes cast in the district and the number of seats in the district. The quota may be set at a number between: \frac \leq \text \leq \frac The smallest quota given above, votes/seats+1, is sometimes defended. Such a quota may be workable as long as rules are in place for dealing with situations where two or more tied candidates are competing for a lesser number of seats. The common quotas used in single transferable voting elections (Hare and Droop) are such that no more can achieve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signpost Sequence
In mathematics and apportionment theory, a signpost sequence is a sequence of real numbers, called signposts, used in defining generalized rounding rules. A signpost sequence defines a set of ''signposts'' that mark the boundaries between neighboring whole numbers: a real number less than the signpost is rounded down, while numbers greater than the signpost are rounded up. Signposts allow for a more general concept of rounding than the usual one. For example, the signposts of the rounding rule "always round down" (truncation) are given by the signpost sequence s_0 = 1, s_1 = 2, s_2 = 3 \dots Formal definition Mathematically, a signpost sequence is a ''localized'' sequence'','' meaning the nth signpost lies in the nth interval with integer endpoints: s_n \in (n, n+1] for all n . This allows us to define a general rounding function using the floor function: \operatorname(x) = \begin \lfloor x \rfloor & x s(\lfloor x \rfloor) \end Where exact equality can be handled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rounding
Rounding or rounding off is the process of adjusting a number to an approximate, more convenient value, often with a shorter or simpler representation. For example, replacing $ with $, the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression √2 with . Rounding is often done to obtain a value that is easier to report and communicate than the original. Rounding can also be important to avoid false precision, misleadingly precise reporting of a computed number, measurement, or estimate; for example, a quantity that was computed as but is known to be accuracy and precision, accurate only to within a few hundred units is usually better stated as "about ". On the other hand, rounding of exact numbers will introduce some round-off error in the reported result. Rounding is almost unavoidable when reporting many computations – especially when dividing two numbers in integer or fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such as square roots, logarithms, and sines; or whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rutherford B
Rutherford may refer to: Places Australia * Rutherford, New South Wales, a suburb of Maitland * Rutherford (Parish), New South Wales, a civil parish of Yungnulgra County Canada * Mount Rutherford, Jasper National Park * Rutherford, Edmonton, neighbourhood * Rutherford House, in Edmonton, Alberta * Rutherford Library, University of Alberta United Kingdom * Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire United States * Rutherford, California, in Napa County * East Rutherford, New Jersey * Rutherford, New Jersey * Rutherford, Pennsylvania * Rutherford, West Virginia * Rutherford County, North Carolina Rutherford County is a County (United States), county in the southwestern area of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 64,444. Its county seat is Rutherfordton, North Carolina, R ... * Rutherford County, Tennessee People * Rutherford (name), people with the surname or given name Fiction * Rut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel J
Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Bible, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although the text does not mention him by name). He is also treated in the fifth through seventh books of '' Antiquities of the Jews'', written by the Jewish scholar Josephus in the first century. He is first called "the Seer" in 1 Samuel 9:9. Biblical account Family Samuel's mother was Hannah and his father was Elkanah. Elkanah lived at Ramathaim in the district of Zuph. His genealogy is also found in a pedigree of the Kohathites (1 Chronicles 6:3–15) and in that of Heman the Ezrahite, apparently his grandson (1 Chro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1876 United States Presidential Election
United States presidential election, Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 7, 1876. Republican Party (United States), Republican Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio very narrowly defeated Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Following President Ulysses S. Grant's decision to retire after his second term, U.S. Representative James G. Blaine emerged as frontrunner for the Republican nomination; however, Blaine was unable to win a majority at the 1876 Republican National Convention, which settled on Hayes as a compromise candidate. The 1876 Democratic National Convention nominated Tilden on the second ballot. The election was among the most contentious in American history, and was only resolved by the Compromise of 1877, in which Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction era, Reconstruction in exchange for recognition of his presidency. In the first count, Tilden had 184 Electoral College (United States), electoral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Largest Remainders Method
Party-list proportional representation Apportionment methods The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up a category of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple groups (e.g. parties or federal states). The quota methods begin by calculating an entitlement (basic number of seats) for each party, by dividing their vote totals by an electoral quota (a fixed number of votes needed to win a seat, as a unit). Then, leftover seats, if any are allocated by rounding up the apportionment for some parties. These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). By far the most common quota method are the largest remainders or quota-shift methods, which assign any leftover seats to the "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders, i.e. most leftover votes). When using the Hare quota, this rule is called Hamilton's method, and is the third-most common app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Webster Method
Webster may refer to: People *Webster (surname), including a list of people with the surname * Webster (given name), including a list of people with the given name Places Canada * Webster, Alberta * Webster's Falls, Hamilton, Ontario United States *Webster, California, in Yolo County * Webster, San Diego, California, a neighborhood *Webster, Florida * Webster, Illinois * Webster, Indiana * Webster, Iowa, in Keokuk County * Webster, Madison County, Iowa *Webster City, Iowa, in Hamilton County * Webster, Kansas * Webster, Kentucky *Webster Parish, Louisiana * Sabattus, Maine, formally Webster, Maine * Webster Plantation, Maine * Webster, Massachusetts, a New England town **Webster (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town * Webster, Michigan, an unincorporated community * Webster, Minnesota * Webster, Nebraska * Webster, New Hampshire * Webster, New York, a town ** Webster (village), New York, in the town of Webster * Webster, North Carolina * Webster, North Dakota * Webs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entitlement (fair Division)
In fair division, a person's entitlement is the value of the goods they are owed or deserve, i.e. the total value of the goods or resources that a player would ideally receive. For example, in party-list proportional representation, a party's seat entitlement (sometimes called its seat quota) is equal to its share of the vote, times the number of seats in the legislature. Dividing money Even when only money is to be divided and some fixed amount has been specified for each recipient, the problem can be complex. The amounts specified may be more or less than the amount of money, and the profit or loss will then need to be shared out. The proportional rule is normally used in law nowadays, and is the default assumption in the theory of bankruptcy. However, other rules can also be used. For example: * The Shapley value is one common method of deciding bargaining power, as can be seen in the airport problem. * Welfare economics on the other hand tries to determine allocations de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
