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Metarhizium Majus
''Metarhizium majus'' is the name given to a group of fungal isolates that are known to be virulent against Scarabaeidae, a family of beetles. Previously, this species has had variety status in ''Metarhizium anisopliae'' (var. ''majus'') and its name is derived from characteristically very large spores (typically 2.5–4 µm x 10–14 µm long) for the genus ''Metarhizium''. There has been considerable interest in developing isolates of this species into mycoinsecticides: especially against the coconut and oil palm beetle pest ''Oryctes'' in SE Asia, the Pacific region and Africa. Metarhizium majus.jpg, ''Metarhizium majus'' infected '' Oryctes rhinoceros'' larva with hyphal (whitish colour) and conidia sporulation/geminating (greenish colour) from its cuticle. M. majus infection stages on Oryctes rhinoceros grubs in field condition.jpg, Stages of '' Oryctes rhinoceros'' larva infected with ''M. majus''. From left to right, 1st column: Infection symptom with "black dot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oryctes Rhinoceros
The Asiatic rhinoceros beetle, coconut rhinoceros beetle or coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, (''Oryctes rhinoceros'') is a species of rhinoceros beetle of the family Scarabaeidae. ''O. rhinoceros'' attacks the developing fronds of raffia, coconut, oil, and other palms in tropical Asia and a number of Pacific islands. Damaged fronds show typical triangular cuts.p.355, "The damaged frongs show characteristic V- or wedge-shaped cuts as they unfold, reducing the photosynthetic area (Supplemental Figure 7). The beetle kills the palms (particularly newly planted ones) when the growing point is destroyed during feeding. They also infest dead trunk debris. Biology This large species has an average length of about 33 to 40 mm. Adults are dark brown to black in color with shiny dorsum. Head with a prominent horn. Male has longer horn than the female. Male is characterized by a rounded, shiny terminal abdominal segment whereas female has a relatively hairier 'tail'. There are two tuber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metarhizium
''Metarhizium'' is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including ''Metacordyceps'' spp. Species Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, ''Metarhizium'' species were identified on morphological (notably conidial) characteristics. The 'original' species included: '' M. anisopliae'' (with '' M.a. var. major''), '' M. brunneum'', '' M. cicadinum'', '' M. cylindrosporum'', '' M. flavoviride'', '' M. taii'', '' M. truncatum'', and '' M. viridicolumnare''. In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species '' M. anisopliae'' were assigned species status. New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably '' M. brunneum''). The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any ''Meta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitic Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clavicipitaceae
The Clavicipitaceae are a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera in the family, but recent work has increased this number to 97. Phylogeny Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates the taxon Clavicipitaceae is paraphyletic, and consists of three well-defined clades, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae). The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts, as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi. Significance Many of its members produce alkaloids toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species is ''Claviceps purpurea'', which has historical significance as the cause of St. Anthony's fire, also known as ergotism. Ergotism is caused by ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and ergocristine, which are chemical d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
US National Fungus Collection
The National Fungus Collections of the United States is the "world's largest herbarium of dried fungus specimens".U.S. National Fungus Collections , USDA (last visited Aug. 22, 2012). It is housed within the (USDA). The collection was established in 1869 from a core of fungus collections transferred from the to the USDA. |
Anamorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: *Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. *Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called synanamorphs. *Holomorph: the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph. Dual naming of fungi Fungi are classified primarily based on the structures associated with sexual reproduction, which tend to be evolutionarily conserved. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. These problematic species are often members of the Ascomycota, but a few of them belong to the Basidiomycota. Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oryctes
''Oryctes'' is the most economically important genus of rhinoceros beetles in the subfamily Dynastinae (family: Scarabaeidae), since it includes a notorious insect pest of palms. Species Currently, 42 species are in the genus, including: * '' Oryctes agamemnon'' Burmeister, 1847 * '' Oryctes amberiensis'' Sternberg, 1910 * '' Oryctes anguliceps'' Fairmaire, 1901 * '' Oryctes ata'' Semenov & Medvedev, 1932 * '' Oryctes augias'' (Olivier, 1789) * '' Oryctes boas'' (Fabricius, 1775) * '' Oryctes borbonicus'' Dechambre, 1986 * '' Oryctes capucinus'' Arrow, 1937 * '' Oryctes centaurus'' Sternberg, 1910 * '' Oryctes cherlonneixi'' Dechambre, 1996 * '' Oryctes chevrolatii'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844 * ''Oryctes colonicus'' Coquerel, 1852 * '' Oryctes comoriensis'' Fairmaire, 1893 * '' Oryctes congonis'' Endrödi, 1969 * ''Oryctes curvicornis'' Sternberg, 1910 * ''Oryctes dollei'' Fairmaire, 1897 * ''Oryctes elegans'' Prell, 1914 * ''Oryctes erebus'' Burmeister, 1847 * ''Oryctes forceps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 described species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal life-forms; new species are discovered frequently, with estimates suggesting that there are between 0.9 and 2.1 million total species. Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions, they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Beetles typically have a particularly hard e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Palm
''Elaeis'' () is a genus of palms containing two species, called oil palms. They are used in commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil. The African oil palm ''Elaeis guineensis'' (the species name ''guineensis'' referring to its country of origin) is the principal source of palm oil. It is native to west and southwest Africa, occurring between Angola and Gambia. The American oil palm ''Elaeis oleifera'' () is native to tropical Central and South America, and is used locally for oil production. Description Mature palms are single-stemmed, and can grow well over tall. The leaves are pinnate, and reach between long. The flowers are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals. The palm fruit is reddish, about the size of a large plum, and grows in large bunches. Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy outer layer (the pericarp), with a single seed (the palm kernel), also rich in oil. Species The two species, '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coconut
The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family ( Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The name comes from the old Portuguese word '' coco'', meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called ''coconut water'' or ''coconut juice''. Mature, ripe coconut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pesticide
A Biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seens as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships. They are obtained from organisms including plants, bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, ''etc''. They are components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, and have received much practical attention as substitutes to synthetic chemical plant protection products (PPPs). Definitions Definitions: ThU.S. Environmental Protection Agencystates that biopesticides "are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals, and currently, there are 299 registered biopesticide active ingredients and 1401 active biopesticide product registrations." The EPA also states that biopesticides "include naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
