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Meshless Method
In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field. Motivation Numerical methods such as the finite difference method, finite-volume method, and finite element method were originally defined on meshes of data points. In such a mesh, each point has a fixed number of predefined neighbors, and this connectivity between neighbors can be used to define mathematical operators like the derivative. These operators are t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euclidean Voronoi Diagram
Euclidean (or, less commonly, Euclidian) is an adjective derived from the name of Euclid, an ancient Greek mathematician. It is the name of: Geometry *Euclidean space, the two-dimensional plane and three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry as well as their higher dimensional generalizations *Euclidean geometry, the study of the properties of Euclidean spaces *Non-Euclidean geometry, systems of points, lines, and planes analogous to Euclidean geometry but without uniquely determined parallel lines *Euclidean distance, the distance between pairs of points in Euclidean spaces *Euclidean ball, the set of points within some fixed distance from a center point Number theory *Euclidean division, the division which produces a quotient and a remainder *Euclidean algorithm, a method for finding greatest common divisors *Extended Euclidean algorithm, a method for solving the Diophantine equation ''ax'' + ''by'' = ''d'' where ''d'' is the greatest common divisor of ''a'' and ''b'' *Euc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Numerical Methods For Ordinary Differential Equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution. Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved. The problem A first-order differentia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reproducing Kernel Particle Method
In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field. Motivation Numerical methods such as the finite difference method, finite-volume method, and finite element method were originally defined on meshes of data points. In such a mesh, each point has a fixed number of predefined neighbors, and this connectivity between neighbors can be used to define mathematical operators like the derivative. These operators are t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissipative Particle Dynamics
Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is an off-lattice mesoscopic simulation technique which involves a set of particles moving in continuous space and discrete time. Particles represent whole molecules or fluid regions, rather than single atoms, and atomistic details are not considered relevant to the processes addressed. The particles' internal degrees of freedom are integrated out and replaced by simplified pairwise dissipative and random forces, so as to conserve momentum locally and ensure correct hydrodynamic behaviour. The main advantage of this method is that it gives access to longer time and length scales than are possible using conventional MD simulations. Simulations of polymeric fluids in volumes up to 100 nm in linear dimension for tens of microseconds are now common. DPD was initially devised by Hoogerbrugge and Koelman to avoid the lattice artifacts of the so-called lattice gas automata and to tackle hydrodynamic time and space scales beyond those available with m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffuse Element Method
In numerical analysis the diffuse element method (DEM) or simply diffuse approximation is a meshfree method. The diffuse element method was developed by B. Nayroles, G. Touzot and Pierre Villon at the Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, in 1992. It is in concept rather similar to the much older smoothed particle hydrodynamics. In the paper they describe a "diffuse approximation method", a method for function approximation from a given set of points. In fact the method boils down to the well-known moving least squares for the particular case of a global approximation (using all available data points). Using this function approximation method, partial differential equations and thus fluid dynamic problems can be solved. For this, they coined the term diffuse element method (DEM). Advantages over finite element methods are that DEM doesn't rely on a grid, and is more precise in the evaluation of the derivatives of the reconstructed functions. See also * Computational fluid dynami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a computational method used for simulating the mechanics of continuum media, such as solid mechanics and fluid flows. It was developed by Gingold and Monaghan and Lucy in 1977, initially for astrophysical problems. It has been used in many fields of research, including astrophysics, ballistics, volcanology, and oceanography. It is a meshfree Lagrangian method (where the co-ordinates move with the fluid), and the resolution of the method can easily be adjusted with respect to variables such as density. Method Advantages * By construction, SPH is a meshfree method, which makes it ideally suited to simulate problems dominated by complex boundary dynamics, like free surface flows, or large boundary displacement. * The lack of a mesh significantly simplifies the model implementation and its parallelization, even for many-core architectures. * SPH can be easily extended to a wide variety of fields, and hybridized with some other model ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frozen (2013 Film)
''Frozen'' is a 2013 American computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 53rd Disney animated feature film, it is inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale ''The Snow Queen''. The film was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee and produced by Peter Del Vecho, from a screenplay written by Lee, and a story by Buck, Lee, and Shane Morris. It stars the voices of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Josh Gad, Jonathan Groff and Santino Fontana. ''Frozen'' tells the story of Princess Anna as she teams up with an iceman, his reindeer, and a snowman to find her estranged sister Elsa, whose icy powers have inadvertently trapped their kingdom in eternal winter. ''Frozen'' underwent several story treatments before being commissioned in 2011 as a screenplay by Lee. ''Frozen'' had its general theatrical release on November 27, 2013. It was praised for its visuals, screenplay, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Material Point Method
The material point method (MPM) is a numerical technique used to simulate the behavior of solids, liquids, gases, and any other continuum material. Especially, it is a robust spatial discretization method for simulating multi-phase (solid-fluid-gas) interactions. In the MPM, a continuum body is described by a number of small Lagrangian elements referred to as 'material points'. These material points are surrounded by a background mesh/grid that is used to calculate terms such as the deformation gradient. Unlike other mesh-based methods like the finite element method, finite volume method or finite difference method, the MPM is not a mesh based method and is instead categorized as a meshless/meshfree or continuum-based particle method, examples of which are smoothed particle hydrodynamics and peridynamics. Despite the presence of a background mesh, the MPM does not encounter the drawbacks of mesh-based methods (high deformation tangling, advection errors etc.) which makes it a promisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reproducing Kernel Particle Method
In the field of numerical analysis, meshfree methods are those that do not require connection between nodes of the simulation domain, i.e. a mesh, but are rather based on interaction of each node with all its neighbors. As a consequence, original extensive properties such as mass or kinetic energy are no longer assigned to mesh elements but rather to the single nodes. Meshfree methods enable the simulation of some otherwise difficult types of problems, at the cost of extra computing time and programming effort. The absence of a mesh allows Lagrangian simulations, in which the nodes can move according to the velocity field. Motivation Numerical methods such as the finite difference method, finite-volume method, and finite element method were originally defined on meshes of data points. In such a mesh, each point has a fixed number of predefined neighbors, and this connectivity between neighbors can be used to define mathematical operators like the derivative. These operators are t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ted Belytschko
Ted Bohdan Belytschko (January 13, 1943 – September 15, 2014) was an American mechanical engineer. He was Walter P. Murphy Professor and McCormick Professor of Computational Mechanics at Northwestern University. He worked in the field of computational solid mechanics and was known for development of methods like element-free Galerkin method and the Extended finite element method. Belytschko received his B.S. in Engineering Sciences (1965) and his Ph.D. in Mechanics (1968) from the Illinois Institute of Technology. He was named in ISI Database as the fourth most cited engineering researcher in January 2004. He was also the editor of the ''International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering''. He died at the age of 71 on September 15, 2014. Awards and honors * William Prager Medal, 2011. *Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2011) *Member of the National Academy of Engineering (1992) *John von Neumann Medal of the United States Association for Computational Mechani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moving Least Squares
Moving least squares is a method of reconstructing continuous functions from a set of unorganized point samples via the calculation of a weighted least squares measure biased towards the region around the point at which the reconstructed value is requested. In computer graphics, the moving least squares method is useful for reconstructing a surface from a set of points. Often it is used to create a 3D surface from a point cloud through either downsampling or upsampling. Definition Consider a function f: \mathbb^n \to \mathbb and a set of sample points S = \ . Then, the moving least square approximation of degree m at the point x is \tilde(x) where \tilde minimizes the weighted least-square error :\sum_ (p(x_i)-f_i)^2\theta(\, x-x_i\, ) over all polynomials p of degree m in \mathbb^n. \theta(s) is the weight and it tends to zero as s\to \infty. In the example \theta(s) = e^. The smooth interpolator of "order 3" is a quadratic interpolator. See also *Local regression *Diffuse ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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