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Melittobia
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Acasta
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Hawaiiensis
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Femorata
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Evansi
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Clavicornis
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Chalybii
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Bekiliensis
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Assemi
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Digitata
''Melittobia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Biology ''Melittobia'' wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids on solitary bees, honeybee and wasps, and also of any insect cohabitants of their hosts' nests, such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. One species has been reared from puparia of ''Anastrepha'' fruit flies collected from fallen fruits in Mexico. They show intrasexual and intersexual dimorphism, with the males being blind and flightless and two castes of females, one long winged and one short winged, which are probably determined by nutrition. The females exhibit primitive social traits while the males are competitive, ferociously fighting and killing their male siblings. The males attract the females using a pheromone and they have an elaborate courtship ritual. They have a skewed sex ratio with 95% of the offspring being females which are from fertilised eggs but males are produced asexually through arrhenotoky. The females have overlapp ...
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Melittobia Australica
''Melittobia australica'' is a species of chalcid wasp from the family Eulophidae which is a gregarious ecto-parasitoid of acuealate Hymenoptera. Description ''Melittobia australica'' is a small wasp between 1.1 and 1.4 mm in length but has the typical wasp body plan of a head, thorax, abdomen body structure with the "wasp waist". It is sexually dimorphic with males is normally being larger than females, males are 1.2 to 1.4 mm in length while females are 1.1 to 1.3 mm. Males also have a with a wider head and smaller wings are smaller and their antennal scape is significantly broader. The colour difference is that the males are also a honey brown whereas the females are coloured dark brown. There are at least two morphs of females in ''M. australica'' which differ in the size of the abdomen, the size of the eyes and the extent of wing development. The "crawler" morph have a normal abdomen, small eyes and underdeveloped wings. The "flier" and possibly the "jumper" ...
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Arrhenotoky
Arrhenotoky (from Greek -τόκος ''-tókos'' "birth of -" + ἄρρην ''árrhēn'' "male person"), also known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males. In most cases, parthenogenesis produces exclusively female offspring, hence the distinction. The set of processes included under the term arrhenotoky depends on the author: arrhenotoky may be restricted to the production of males that are haploid (haplodiploidy); may include diploid males that permanently inactivate one set of chromosomes (parahaploidy); or may be used to cover all cases of males being produced by parthenogenesis (including such cases as aphids, where the males are XO diploids). The form of parthenogenesis in which females develop from unfertilized eggs is known as thelytoky; when both males and females develop from unfertilized eggs, the term "deuterotoky" is used. In the most commonly used sense of the term, arrhenotoky is synonymous with ha ...
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William Harris Ashmead
William Harris Ashmead was an American entomologist born on 19 September 1855 at Philadelphia. He died 17 October 1908 at Washington D.C. After his studies in Philadelphia, Ashmead worked for the publisher J. B. Lippincott & Co. Later, he settled in Florida where he formed his own publishing house devoted to agriculture. He also launched the '' Florida Dispatch'', an agricultural weekly magazine which included a headed section devoted to injurious insects. In 1879, he began writing papers for scientific publications and, in 1887, he became a field entomologist working for the Ministry for the Agriculture of Florida. The following year, he became entomologist at the Agricultural Research station of Lake City. In 1889, he worked again for the Ministry for Agriculture. The following year, and for two years, he traveled, in particular to Germany, to perfect his entomological knowledge. In 1895, he obtained the post of conservation assistant in the Department of Entomology of the ...
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