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Mathesis Universalis
(from , "science or learning", and "universal") is a hypothetical universal science modelled on mathematics envisaged by René Descartes, Descartes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Leibniz, among a number of other 16th- and 17th-century philosophers and mathematicians. For Leibniz, it would be supported by a ''calculus ratiocinator''. John Wallis invokes the name as title in his ''Opera Mathematica'', a textbook on arithmetic, algebra, and Cartesian geometry. History Descartes' most explicit description of ''mathesis universalis'' occurs in ''Rule Four'' of the ''Rules for the Direction of the Mind'', written before 1628. Leibniz attempted to work out the possible connections between mathematical logic, algebra, infinitesimal calculus, combinatorics, and Characteristica universalis, universal characteristics in an incomplete treatise titled "''Mathesis Universalis''" in 1695. Predicate logic could be seen as a modern system with some of these ''universal'' qualities, at least ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallis - Opera Mathematica, 1657 - 4611280
Wallis (derived from ''Wallace'') may refer to: People * Wallis (given name) **Wallis, Duchess of Windsor * Wallis (surname) Places * Wallis (Ambleston), a hamlet within the parish of Ambleston in Pembrokeshire, West Wales, United Kingdom * Wallis, Mississippi, an unincorporated community, United States * Wallis, Texas, a city, United States * Wallis and Futuna, a French overseas department ** Wallis Island, one of the islands of Wallis and Futuna * Valais, a Swiss canton with the German name "Wallis" * Walliswil bei Niederbipp, a municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district, canton of Bern, Switzerland * Walliswil bei Wangen, a municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district, canton of Bern, Switzerland Brands and enterprises * Wallis (retailer), a British clothing retailer * Wallis Theatres, an Australian cinema franchise See also * Wallace (other) (original form) {{DEFAULTSORT:Wallis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Characteristica Universalis
The Latin term ''characteristica universalis'', commonly interpreted as ''universal characteristic'', or ''universal character'' in English, is a universal and formal language imagined by Gottfried Leibniz able to express mathematical, scientific, and metaphysical concepts. Leibniz thus hoped to create a language usable within the framework of a universal logical calculation or '' calculus ratiocinator''. The ''characteristica universalis'' is a recurring concept in the writings of Leibniz. When writing in French, he sometimes employed the phrase ''spécieuse générale'' to the same effect. The concept is sometimes paired with his notion of a ''calculus ratiocinator'' and with his plans for an encyclopaedia as a compendium of all human knowledge. Uses International communication Many Leibniz scholars writing in English seem to agree that he intended his ''characteristica universalis'' or "universal character" to be a form of pasigraphy, or ideographic language. This was to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Logic
Mathematical logic is the study of Logic#Formal logic, formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power. However, it can also include uses of logic to characterize correct mathematical reasoning or to establish foundations of mathematics. Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to and been motivated by the study of foundations of mathematics. This study began in the late 19th century with the development of axiomatic frameworks for geometry, arithmetic, and Mathematical analysis, analysis. In the early 20th century it was shaped by David Hilbert's Hilbert's program, program to prove the consistency of foundational theories. Results of Kurt Gödel, Gerhard Gentzen, and others provided partial resolution to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lingua Generalis
''Lingua generalis'' was an essay written by Gottfried Leibniz in February, 1678 in which he presented a philosophical language he created, which he named lingua generalis or lingua universalis. Leibniz aimed for his lingua universalis to be adopted as a universal language and be used for calculations. As a result of this work, he developed binary calculus. References See also *Constructed language A constructed language (shortened to conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary, instead of having developed natural language, naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devise ... Constructed languages International auxiliary languages Constructed languages introduced in the 17th century 1678 works Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz {{conlang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
An Essay Towards A Real Character, And A Philosophical Language
''An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language'' (London, 1668) is the best-remembered of the numerous works of John Wilkins, in which he expounds a new universal language, meant primarily to facilitate international communication among scholars, but envisioned for use by diplomats, travelers, and merchants as well. Unlike many universal language schemes of the period, it was meant merely as an auxiliary to—not a replacement of—existing natural languages. Background One of the aims of the ''Essay'' was to provide a replacement for the Latin language, which had been the international language of scholars in Western Europe by then for 1000 years. Comenius and others interested in international languages had criticisms of the arbitrary features of Latin that made it harder to learn, and Wilkins also made such points. A scheme for a ''lingua franca'' based on numerical values had been published by John Pell (1630); and in his 1640 work ''Mercury or the Secret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Arte Combinatoria
The ''Dissertatio de arte combinatoria'' ("Dissertation on the Art of Combinations" or "On the Combinatorial Art") is an early work by Gottfried Leibniz published in 1666 in Leipzig. It is an extended version of his first doctoral dissertation, written before the author had seriously undertaken the study of mathematics.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. ''Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung der Philosophie. Zur allgemeinen Charakteristik.'' ''Philosophische Werke'' Band 1. p. 32. Translated in German by Artur Buchenau. Published, reviewed and added an introduction and notes by Ernst Cassirer. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1966, p. 32. The booklet was reissued without Leibniz' consent in 1690, which prompted him to publish a brief explanatory notice in the ''Acta Eruditorum''. During the following years he repeatedly expressed regrets about its being circulated as he considered it immature.Leibniz complained to various correspondents, e.g., to Morell (1 October 1697) or to Meier (23 January 1699); see ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, Latin influence in English, including English, having contributed List of Latin words with English derivatives, many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England, Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin Root (linguistics), roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names, the sciences, List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes, medicine, and List of Latin legal terms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Truth
Truth or verity is the Property (philosophy), property of being in accord with fact or reality.Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionarytruth, 2005 In everyday language, it is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and declarative sentences. True statements are usually held to be the opposite of false statement, false statements. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in various contexts, including philosophy, art, theology, law, and science. Most human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion, including journalism and everyday life. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Most commonly, truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to a mind-independent world. This is called the correspon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Cottingham
John Cottingham (born 1943) is an English philosopher. The focus of his research has been early-modern philosophy (especially René Descartes, Descartes), the philosophy of religion and moral philosophy.Athanassoulis, Nafsika and Vice, Samantha eds. (2008) ''The Moral Life: Essays in Honour of John Cottingham'', Palgrave Macmillan He is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Reading, Professorial Research Fellow at Heythrop College, University of London, and Honorary Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. He is also a current Visiting Professor to the Department of Philosophy, King's College London, Philosophy Department at King's College London, King's College, London. Cottingham has served as editor of the journal Ratio (journal), Ratio, president of the Aristotelian Society, of the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion, of the Mind Association and as Chairman of the British Society for the History of Philosophy. A Festschrift with responses by Cottingha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophy Of Mathematics
Ludwig Wittgenstein considered his chief contribution to be in the philosophy of mathematics, a topic to which he devoted much of his work between 1929 and 1944.Roydich V''Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics'' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy As with his philosophy of language, Wittgenstein's views on mathematics evolved from the period of the ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'': with him changing from logicism (which was endorsed by his mentor Bertrand Russell) towards a general anti-foundationalism and constructivism that was not readily accepted by the mathematical community. The success of Wittgenstein's general philosophy has tended to displace the real debates on more technical issues. His ''Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics'' contains his compiled views, notably a controversial repudiation of Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Tractatus Wittgenstein's initial conception of mathematics was logicist and even formalist. The ''Tractatus'' described the propo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formal System
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms. In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics. The term ''formalism'' is sometimes a rough synonym for ''formal system'', but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation. Concepts A formal system has the following: * Formal language, which is a set of well-formed formulas, which are strings of symbols from an alphabet, formed by a formal grammar (consisting of production rules or formation rules). * Deductive system, deductive apparatus, or proof system, which has rules of inference that take axioms and infers theorems, both of which are part of the formal language. A formal system is said to be recursive (i.e. effective) or recursively enumerable if the set of axioms and the set of inference rules are decidable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Viète
François Viète (; 1540 – 23 February 1603), known in Latin as Franciscus Vieta, was a French people, French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra, due to his innovative use of letters as parameters in equations. He was a lawyer by trade, and served as a Conseil du Roi, privy councillor to both Henry III of France, Henry III and Henry IV of France, Henry IV of France. Biography Early life and education Viète was born at Fontenay-le-Comte in present-day Vendée. His grandfather was a merchant from La Rochelle. His father, Etienne Viète, was an attorney in Fontenay-le-Comte and a notary in Le Busseau. His mother was the aunt of Barnabé Brisson, a magistrate and the first president of parliament during the ascendancy of the Ligue, Catholic League of France. Viète went to a Franciscan school and in 1558 studied law at Poitiers, graduating as a Bachelor of Laws in 1559. A year later, he began his career as an attorney in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
