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Marshallian Demand
In microeconomics, a consumer's Marshallian demand function (named after Alfred Marshall) is the quantity they demand of a particular good as a function of its price, their income, and the prices of other goods, a more technical exposition of the standard demand function. It is a solution to the utility maximization problem of how the consumer can maximize their utility for given income and prices. A synonymous term is uncompensated demand function, because when the price rises the consumer is not compensated with higher nominal income for the fall in their real income, unlike in the Hicksian demand function. Thus the change in quantity demanded is a combination of a substitution effect and a wealth effect. Although Marshallian demand is in the context of partial equilibrium theory, it is sometimes called Walrasian demand as used in general equilibrium theory (named after Léon Walras). According to the utility maximization problem, there are ''L'' commodities with price vector ''p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microeconomics
Microeconomics is a branch of mainstream economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. Microeconomics focuses on the study of individual markets, sectors, or industries as opposed to the national economy as whole, which is studied in macroeconomics. One goal of microeconomics is to analyze the market mechanisms that establish relative prices among goods and services and allocate limited resources among alternative uses. Microeconomics shows conditions under which free markets lead to desirable allocations. It also analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results. While microeconomics focuses on firms and individuals, macroeconomics focuses on the sum total of economic activity, dealing with the issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment and with national policies relating to these issues. Microeconomics also deal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convex Preferences
In economics, convex preferences are an individual's ordering of various outcomes, typically with regard to the amounts of various goods consumed, with the property that, roughly speaking, "averages are better than the extremes". The concept roughly corresponds to the concept of diminishing marginal utility without requiring utility functions. Notation Comparable to the greater-than-or-equal-to ordering relation \geq for real numbers, the notation \succeq below can be translated as: 'is at least as good as' (in preference satisfaction). Similarly, \succ can be translated as 'is strictly better than' (in preference satisfaction), and Similarly, \sim can be translated as 'is equivalent to' (in preference satisfaction). Definition Use ''x'', ''y'', and ''z'' to denote three consumption bundles (combinations of various quantities of various goods). Formally, a preference relation \succeq on the consumption set ''X'' is called convex if whenever :x, y, z \in X where y \succeq x a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Utility Maximization Problem
Utility maximization was first developed by utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. In microeconomics, the utility maximization problem is the problem consumers face: "How should I spend my money in order to maximize my utility?" It is a type of optimal decision problem. It consists of choosing how much of each available good or service to consume, taking into account a constraint on total spending (income), the prices of the goods and their preferences. Utility maximization is an important concept in consumer theory as it shows how consumers decide to allocate their income. Because consumers are rational, they seek to extract the most benefit for themselves. However, due to bounded rationality and other biases, consumers sometimes pick bundles that do not necessarily maximize their utility. The utility maximization bundle of the consumer is also not set and can change over time depending on their individual preferences of goods, price changes and increase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Utility
In economics and consumer theory, a linear utility function is a function of the form: ::u(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_m) = w_1 x_1 + w_2 x_2 + \dots w_m x_m or, in vector form: ::u(\overrightarrow) = \overrightarrow \cdot \overrightarrow where: * m is the number of different goods in the economy. * \overrightarrow is a vector of size m that represents a bundle. The element x_i represents the amount of good i in the bundle. * \overrightarrow is a vector of size m that represents the subjective preferences of the consumer. The element w_i represents the relative value that the consumer assigns to good i. If w_i=0, this means that the consumer thinks that product i is totally worthless. The higher w_i is, the more valuable a unit of this product is for the consumer. A consumer with a linear utility function has the following properties: * The preferences are strictly monotone: having a larger quantity of even a single good strictly increases the utility. * The preferences are weakly convex, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constant Elasticity Of Substitution
Constant elasticity of substitution (CES), in economics, is a property of some production functions and utility functions. Several economists have featured in the topic and have contributed in the final finding of the constant. They include Tom McKenzie, John Hicks and Joan Robinson. The vital economic element of the measure is that it provided the producer a clear picture of how to move between different modes or types of production. Specifically, it arises in a particular type of aggregator function which combines two or more types of consumption goods, or two or more types of production inputs into an aggregate quantity. This aggregator function exhibits constant elasticity of substitution. CES production function Despite having several factors of production in substitutability, the most common are the forms of elasticity of substitution. On the contrary of restricting direct empirical evaluation, the constant Elasticity of Substitution are simple to use and hence are wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marginal Utility And Demand
Marginal may refer to: * ''Marginal'' (album), the third album of the Belgian rock band Dead Man Ray, released in 2001 * ''Marginal'' (manga) * '' El Marginal'', Argentine TV series * Marginal seat or marginal constituency or marginal, in politics See also Economics * Marginalism * Marginal analysis * Marginal concepts *Marginal cost *Marginal demand * Marginal product * Marginal product of labor * Marginal propensity to consume * Marginal rate of substitution * Marginal use *Marginal utility In economics, utility is the satisfaction or benefit derived by consuming a product. The marginal utility of a Goods (economics), good or Service (economics), service describes how much pleasure or satisfaction is gained by consumers as a result o ... * Marginal rate Other * Margin (other) * Marginalization * Marginal intra-industry trade, where the change in a country's exports are essentially of the same products as its change in imports * Marginal land, land that is o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homogeneous Function
In mathematics, a homogeneous function is a function of several variables such that, if all its arguments are multiplied by a scalar, then its value is multiplied by some power of this scalar, called the degree of homogeneity, or simply the ''degree''; that is, if is an integer, a function of variables is homogeneous of degree if :f(sx_1,\ldots, sx_n)=s^k f(x_1,\ldots, x_n) for every x_1, \ldots, x_n, and s\ne 0. For example, a homogeneous polynomial of degree defines a homogeneous function of degree . The above definition extends to functions whose domain and codomain are vector spaces over a field : a function f : V \to W between two -vector spaces is ''homogeneous'' of degree k if for all nonzero s \in F and v \in V. This definition is often further generalized to functions whose domain is not , but a cone in , that is, a subset of such that \mathbf\in C implies s\mathbf\in C for every nonzero scalar . In the case of functions of several real variables and real vecto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper-semicontinuous
In mathematical analysis, semicontinuity (or semi-continuity) is a property of extended real-valued functions that is weaker than continuity. An extended real-valued function f is upper (respectively, lower) semicontinuous at a point x_0 if, roughly speaking, the function values for arguments near x_0 are not much higher (respectively, lower) than f\left(x_0\right). A function is continuous if and only if it is both upper and lower semicontinuous. If we take a continuous function and increase its value at a certain point x_0 to f\left(x_0\right) + c for some c>0, then the result is upper semicontinuous; if we decrease its value to f\left(x_0\right) - c then the result is lower semicontinuous. The notion of upper and lower semicontinuous function was first introduced and studied by René Baire in his thesis in 1899. Definitions Assume throughout that X is a topological space and f:X\to\overline is a function with values in the extended real numbers \overline=\R \cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximum Theorem
The maximum theorem provides conditions for the continuity of an optimized function and the set of its maximizers with respect to its parameters. The statement was first proven by Claude Berge in 1959. The theorem is primarily used in mathematical economics and optimal control. Statement of theorem Maximum Theorem. Let X and \Theta be topological spaces, f:X\times\Theta\to\mathbb be a continuous function on the product X \times \Theta, and C:\Theta\rightrightarrows X be a compact-valued correspondence such that C(\theta) \ne \emptyset for all \theta \in \Theta. Define the ''marginal function'' (or ''value function'') f^* : \Theta \to \mathbb by :f^*(\theta)=\sup\ and the ''set of maximizers'' C^* : \Theta \rightrightarrows X by : C^*(\theta)= \mathrm\max\ = \ . If C is continuous (i.e. both upper and lower hemicontinuous) at \theta, then f^* is continuous and C^*is upper hemicontinuous with nonempty and compact values. As a consequence, the \sup may be replaced by \max. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diminishing Marginal Utility
In economics, utility is the satisfaction or benefit derived by consuming a product. The marginal utility of a good or service describes how much pleasure or satisfaction is gained by consumers as a result of the increase or decrease in consumption by one unit. There are three types of marginal utility. They are positive, negative, or zero marginal utility. For instance, you like eating pizza, the second piece of pizza brings you more satisfaction than only eating one piece of pizza. It means your marginal utility from purchasing pizza is positive. However, after eating the second piece you feel full, and you would not feel any better from eating the third piece. This means your marginal utility from eating pizza is zero. Moreover, you might feel sick if you eat more than three pieces of pizza. At this time, your marginal utility is negative. In other words, a negative marginal utility indicates that every unit of goods or service consumed will do more harm than good, which will le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall (26 July 1842 – 13 July 1924) was an English economist, and was one of the most influential economists of his time. His book '' Principles of Economics'' (1890) was the dominant economic textbook in England for many years. It brought the ideas of supply and demand, marginal utility, and costs of production into a coherent whole. He is known as one of the founders of neoclassical economics. Life and career Marshall was born at Bermondsey in London, second son of William Marshall (1812–1901), clerk and cashier at the Bank of England, and Rebecca (1817–1878), daughter of butcher Thomas Oliver, from whom, on her mother's death, she inherited property. William Marshall was a devout strict Evangelical, "author of an Evangelical epic in a sort of Anglo-Saxon language of his own invention which found some favour in its appropriate circles" and of a tract titled ''Men's Rights and Women's Duties''. Marshall had two brothers and two sisters; a cousin was the econ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
