|
Markham Languages
The Markham languages form a family of the Huon Gulf languages. It consists of a dozen languages spoken in the Ramu Valley, Markham Valley and associated valley systems in the lowlands of the Madang and Morobe Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Unlike almost other Western Oceanic languages of New Guinea, which are spoken exclusively in coastal areas, many Markham languages are spoken in the mountainous interior of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, where they are in heavy contact with Trans-New Guinea languages. Although the Markham languages are Austronesian, they have had much contact with neighboring Papuan languages. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Markham is presented in Holzknecht (1989) and is summarized below. Languages Labu (= Hapa) ;Lower Markham: Aribwaung (= Aribwaungg, Yalu), Aribwatsa† (= Lae, Lahe), Musom, Nafi (= Sirak), Duwet (= Guwot, Waing), Wampar, Silisili (Middle Watut), Maralango (South Watut), Dangal (South Watut) ;Upper Markham: Adzera ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madang Province
Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capital is the town of Madang. Districts and LLGs Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units. Education Tertiary educational institutions in Madang Province include: *Madang Technical College *Madang Marine Time College *Madang Teachers College *Divine Word University (DWU) is a national university and a leading tertiary institution in Papua New Guinea. Formerly Divine Word Institute, it was established by an Act of Parliament in 1980 and was established as a University in 1996. DWU It is ecumenical, coeducational and privately governed with government support. Provincial leaders The provin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aribwatsa Language
Aribwatsa, also known as Lae or Lahe, is an Extinct language, extinct member of the Busu languages, Busu subgroup of Lower Markham languages in the area of Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Descendants of the Aribwatsa language community have mostly switched to the Bukawa language, which is spoken all along the north coast of the Huon Gulf and in several villages on the south coast. References * *Wurm, S.A. editor. ''Some Endangered Languages of Papua New Guinea: Kaki Ae, Musom, and Aribwatsa''. D-89, vi + 183 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. Markham languages Extinct languages of Oceania Languages of Morobe Province {{NNGuinea-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Oceanic Language
Proto-Oceanic (abbr. ''POc'') is a proto-language that historical linguists since Otto Dempwolff have reconstructed as the hypothetical common ancestor of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Oceanic is a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language (PAN), the common ancestor of the Austronesian languages. Proto-Oceanic was probably spoken around the late 3rd millennium BCE in the Bismarck Archipelago, east of Papua New Guinea. Archaeologists and linguists currently agree that its community more or less coincides with the Lapita culture. Linguistic characteristics The methodology of comparative linguistics, together with the relative homogeneity of Oceanic languages, make it possible to reconstruct with reasonable certainty the principal linguistic properties of their common ancestor, Proto-Oceanic. Like all scientific hypotheses, these reconstructions must be understood as obviously reflecting the state of science at a particular moment in time; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Language
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the tab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Austronesian Language
Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify 3,500–4,000 BCE on Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wampur Language
Wampur is a minor Austronesian language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... It is spoken in the two villages of Wampur () and Mirir () in Onga-Waffa Rural LLG. References Markham languages Languages of Madang Province {{NNGuinea-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mari Language (Madang Province)
Mari, or Hop, is a minor Austronesian language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the four villages of Bumbu (), Bubirumpun (), Musuam (), and Sangkiang () in Usino Rural LLG of the Ramu The Ramu River is a major river in northern Papua New Guinea. The headwaters of the river are formed in the Kratke Range from where it then travels about northwest to the Bismarck Sea. Along the Ramu's course, it receives numerous tributaries ... valley. References Markham languages Languages of Madang Province {{NNGuinea-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adzera Language
Adzera (also spelled Atzera, Azera, Atsera, Acira) is an Austronesian language spoken by about 30,000 people in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Dialects Holzknecht (1989) lists six Adzera dialects. * ''Central'' dialect chain: 9,950 speakers * ''Amari'' dialect: 5,350 speakers * ''Ngarowapum'' dialect: 1,200 speakers * ''Yaros'' dialect: 2,200 speakers * ''Guruf / Ngariawang'' dialect: 1,550 speakers * ''Tsumanggorun'' dialect: 400 speakers Sukurum is spoken in the villages of Sukurum (), Rumrinan (), Gabagiap (), Gupasa, Waroum (), and Wangat () in Wantoat/Leron Rural LLG. Sarasira is spoken in the villages of Sarasira (), Som (), Pukpuk, Saseang (), and Sisuk in Wantoat/Leron Rural LLG. Sarasira and Som share the same speech variety. Phonology Vowels The diphthongs occur, while other sequences of vowels are split over two syllables. does not occur in the Amari and Ngarowapum dialects. Consonants occurs in only one word: the interjection ''hai'' "yes". In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danggal Language
Watut is a language complex of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Papua New Guinea. Dialects include Maralinan, Silisili, Unank, Maralangko, and Danggal. It is spoken in Watut Rural LLG of Morobe Province Morobe Province is a province on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital and largest city is Lae. The province covers 33,705 km2, with a population of 674,810 (2011 census), and since the division of Southern Highlands .... Varieties Watut varieties and their respective locations are: *South Watut **''South Watut, dialect 1'': Danggal, Wawas (), and Kumwats villages **''South Watut, dialect 2'': Maraianglro () and Dzenemp () villages *Middle Watut: Babwaf (), Mararena (), and Bentseng (Tshetsie) () villages *North Watut: Vruf (), Mahanadzo (), Morom (), and Wampan villages. Middle Watut, also called Middle Kodut, is spoken by 1,700 people in the Mumeng district, lower Watut valley, Babuaf (Madzim and Singono), Bencheng, Dungutung, and Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maralango Language
Watut is a language complex of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Papua New Guinea. Dialects include Maralinan, Silisili, Unank, Maralangko, and Danggal. It is spoken in Watut Rural LLG of Morobe Province Morobe Province is a province on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital and largest city is Lae. The province covers 33,705 km2, with a population of 674,810 (2011 census), and since the division of Southern Highlands P .... Varieties Watut varieties and their respective locations are: *South Watut **''South Watut, dialect 1'': Danggal, Wawas (), and Kumwats villages **''South Watut, dialect 2'': Maraianglro () and Dzenemp () villages *Middle Watut: Babwaf (), Mararena (), and Bentseng (Tshetsie) () villages *North Watut: Vruf (), Mahanadzo (), Morom (), and Wampan villages. Middle Watut, also called Middle Kodut, is spoken by 1,700 people in the Mumeng district, lower Watut valley, Babuaf (Madzim and Singono), Bencheng, Dungutung, and Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silisili Language
Watut is a language complex of Austronesian languages spoken in northern Papua New Guinea. Dialects include Maralinan, Silisili, Unank, Maralangko, and Danggal. It is spoken in Watut Rural LLG of Morobe Province. Varieties Watut varieties and their respective locations are: *South Watut **''South Watut, dialect 1'': Danggal, Wawas (), and Kumwats villages **''South Watut, dialect 2'': Maraianglro () and Dzenemp () villages *Middle Watut: Babwaf (), Mararena (), and Bentseng (Tshetsie) () villages *North Watut: Vruf (), Mahanadzo (), Morom (), and Wampan villages. Middle Watut, also called Middle Kodut, is spoken by 1,700 people in the Mumeng district, lower Watut valley, Babuaf (Madzim and Singono), Bencheng, Dungutung, and Marauna villages. There are four dialects: Borar, Babuaf, Tsangg (Changg), Zowents (Jowench). The ISO code is mpl. References Further reading *Carter, John, John Grummitt, Janell Masters and Brian Paris. 2014. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Watut Languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wampar Language
Wampar (''Dzob Wampar'') is an Austronesian language of Wampar Rural LLG, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... It is spoken in the 8 villages (wards) of Dzifasin (), Tararan (), Gabsongkeg (), Ngasowapum (), Munun (), Mare (), Gabandzidz (), and Wamped (). Further reading Beer, Bettina, and Hans FischerWampar–English Dictionary with an English–Wampar finder list ANU Press, 2021. References Markham languages Languages of Morobe Province {{NNGuinea-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |