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Maqta'
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the maqta (from Arabic ; fa, مقطع; az, məqtə; tr, makta; uz, maqta; ur, مقطع) is the first '' bayt'', or couplet, of a ''ghazal''. In this sense, it is the opposite of the ''matla'''. The poet's '' takhallus'', or pen name, is usually employed in the ''maqta'', often in very creative ways. A '' shayar'' can use the ''maqta'' in a variety of interesting ways. He can "talk to himself", "to somebody else", "refer to something" etc. For example ''Firaq'' Gorakhpuri, whose ''takhallus'' is the word for the common theme in Urdu poetry of the state of pining for the beloved, plays on his pen name and the word ''firaq'': Roman Urdu: :''Tu yeh na samajh ke Firaq teri Firaq mein hai'' :''Firaq uski Firaq mein hai jo teri Firaq mein hai'' English Translation: :Don't think that Firaq pines for you :Firaq pines for the one who pines for you Examples A sher by Mir Taqi Mir: ''Mir'' in neem baaz aankhon mein Saari masti sharaab ki see hai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urdu Poetry
Urdu poetry ( ur, ) is a tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the cultures of South Asia. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are Mir Taqi Mir (d.1810), Mirza Ghalib, Mir Anees, Allama Iqbal and Josh Malihabadi (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships. Following the Partition of India in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the Muslims and Hindus from across the border continue the tradition. It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes impromptu, is held in Mushairas (poetic expositions). Although its tarannum saaz (singing aspect) has undergone major changes in recent decades, its popularity among the masses remai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Poetry
Persian literature ( fa, ادبیات فارسی, Adabiyâte fârsi, ) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan) and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For example, Rumi, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in Balkh (in modern-day Afghanistan) or Wakhsh (in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya (in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Tajikista ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arabs, Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece. Since the 7th century, Arabic has been characterized by diglossia, with an opposition between a standard Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestige language—i.e., Literary Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Classical Arabic—and diverse vernacular varieties, which serve as First language, mother tongues. Colloquial dialects vary significantly from MSA, impeding mutual intelligibility. MSA is only acquired through formal education and is not spoken natively. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bayt (poetry)
A bayt ( ar, بَيْت, translit=bayt, , ) is a metrical unit of Arabic, Azerbaijani, Ottoman, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu poetry. In Arabic poetry, a bayt corresponds to a single line divided into two hemistichs of equal length, each containing two, three or four feet, or from 16 to 32 syllables."Arabian Poetry for English Readers," by William Alexander Clouston (1881)p. 379in Google Books In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the word bayt has come to refer to two lines (like a couplet, although the two lines of a Persian, Turkic or Urdu bayt do not have to rhyme). William Alexander Clouston concluded that this fundamental part of Arabic prosody originated with the Bedouins or Arabs of the desert, as, in the nomenclature of the different parts of the line, one foot is called "a tent-pole", another "tent-peg" and the two hemistichs of the verse are called after the folds or leaves of the double-door of the tent or "house". Through Ottoman Turkish, it got into Albania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghazal
The ''ghazal'' ( ar, غَزَل, bn, গজল, Hindi-Urdu: /, fa, غزل, az, qəzəl, tr, gazel, tm, gazal, uz, gʻazal, gu, ગઝલ) is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of the Indian subcontinent and Turkey. A ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matla'
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the matla (from Arabic ; fa, مطلع; az, mətlə; tr, matla; uz, matla; ur, مطلع) is the first '' bayt'', or couplet, of a ''ghazal''. In this sense, it is the opposite of the '' maqta'''. It is possible, although extremely rare, for there to be more than one ''matla'' in a ''ghazal''; in this case the second is referred to as ''matla'-e-sani'', literally 'the second ''matla''. It is important part because it establishes the overall form and mood of the entire ''ghazal''. The defining feature of the ''matla'' is that both verses of the couplet rhyme, or expressed in technical terminology, both verses end with the ''qafiya In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the ''qāfiya'' (from Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Wenin ...'' and '' radif'' of the ''ghazal''. In fact, the purpose of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takhallus
A takhallus ( ur, , fa, تخلّص, hi, तख़ल्लुस), is a pen-name. Pen names were widely adopted by Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and Persian poets. ''Takhallus'' is an Arabic word which means, literally, "to get liberated" or "become secure;" the word has been borrowed in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi to mean "pen name". The takhallus is often included in the maqta, last sher (couplet), of the ghazal. History While ghazal originated in Arabia evolving from Qasida, some of the common features of contemporary ghazal, such as including the takhallus in the maqta, the concept of matla, etc., did not exist in Arabic ghazal. It was Persian ghazal which added these features. Common Takhallus List of Takhallus of some Urdu poets: * ''Ghalib'' – Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan * ''Faiz'' – Faiz Ahmed Faiz * ''Hali'' – Altaf Hussain ''Hali'' * ''Jigar'' - Sikander Ali Moradabadi * ''Kaki'' - Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar * ''Zafar'' - Bahadur Shah II * ''Mir'' - Mir Taqi Mir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shayar (poet)
A shayar is a poet who composes ''sher'' in Urdu, Hindi, or Persian. Commonly, a ''shayar'' is someone who writes ''ghazals'', ''nazms'' using the Urdu language. History Amir Khusro (1253–1325) is considered to be one of the foremost shayars of the world; he wrote in Persian, Hindustani. Mirza Ghalib is considered the ultimate authority on Urdu poetry. He lived in Delhi and died in 1869. Shayars create a form of poetry that is called ''shayari''. It traditional that this form of poetry is often read to an audience in a special setting called ''mehfil''. Although there are many professional ''shayars'', who create ''shayari'' for their livelihood, it is an immensely popular form of poetry for amateurs. The inspiration for amateur ''shayari'' is still largely romance and beauty. However, professional ''shayars'' tend to write more on social issues that is more popular for a larger section of society. List of shayars * Mir Taqi Mir * Mohammad Imran Pratapgarhi * Shams Tabri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firaq Gorakhpuri
Raghupati Sahay (28 August 1896 – 3 March 1982), also known by his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri, was an Indian writer, critic, and, according to one commentator, one of the most noted contemporary Urdu poets from India. He established himself among peers including Muhammad Iqbal, Yagana Changezi, Jigar Moradabadi and Josh Malihabadi. Early life and career Raghupati Sahay was born in Banwarpar village of Gorakhpur district on 28 August 1896 in a well-to-do and educated family. He finished his basic education and then completed his Master's degree in Urdu, Persian and English literature. Firaq had shown early signs of excellence in Urdu poetry and had always shown attraction towards literature. His contemporaries included famous Urdu poets like Allama Iqbal, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Kaifi Azmi and Sahir Ludhianvi. Yet he was able to make his mark in Urdu poetry at an early age. He was selected for the Provincial Civil Service (P.C.S.) and the Indian Civil Service (British India) (I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Urdu
Roman Urdu ( ur, ) is the name used for the Urdu language written with the Latin script, also known as the Roman script. According to the Urdu scholar Habib R. Sulemani: "Roman Urdu is strongly opposed by the traditional Arabic script lovers. Despite this opposition it is still used by most on the internet and computers due to limitations of most technologies as they do not have the Urdu script. Although, this script is under development and thus the net users are using the Roman script in their own ways. Popular websites like Jang Group have devised their own schemes for Roman Urdu. This is of great advantage for those who are not able to read the Arabic script. MSN, Yahoo and some desi-chat-rooms are working as laboratories for the evolving new script and language (Roman Urdu)." Romanized Urdu is mutually intelligible with Romanized Hindi in informal contexts, unlike Urdu written in the Urdu alphabet and Hindi in Devanagari. Multinational corporations often use it as a cost ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mir Taqi Mir
Mir Muhammad Taqi (February 1723 – 20 September 1810), known as Mir Taqi Mir (also spelled Meer Taqi Meer), was an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal era in the Subcontinent and one of the pioneers who gave shape to the Urdu language itself. His father's name was Meer Muttaqi. After his father's death, his step-Brothers took control over his property. His step-uncle took care of him after he was orphaned and after the death of his step-uncle(paternal) his maternal step-uncle took care of him. The part of his poetry is the grief he expresses. He has expressed a lot of grief over the downfall of his city, Delhi. He was one of the principal poets of the Delhi School of the Urdu ''ghazal'' and is often remembered as one of the best poets of the Urdu language. His pen name (''takhallus'') was Mir. He spent the latter part of his life in the court of Asaf-ud-Daulah in Lucknow. Life The main source of information on Mir's life is his autobiography ''Zikr-e-Mir'', which covers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghalib
Mirza Beg Asadullah Khan (Urdu, fa, مرزا بیگ اسد اللہ خان; 27 December 1797 – 15 February 1869) also known as Mirza Ghalib (Urdu, fa}) was an Urdu and Persian language, Persian shayar (poet), poet of the 19th century Mughal Empire, Mughal and British Raj, British era in the Indian Subcontinent. He was popularly known by the pen name, pen names Ghalib (غالب) and Asad (اسد). His honorific was ''Dabir-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-Daula''. He is one of the most popular poets in Pakistan and India. During his lifetime, the already declining Mughal Empire was eclipsed and displaced by the British East India Company Rule and finally deposed following the defeat of the Indian Rebellion of 1857; these are described through his work. He wrote in both Urdu and Persian language, Persian. Although his Persian Diwan (poetry), Divan (body of work) is at least five times longer than his Urdu Divan, his fame rests on his poetry in Urdu. Today, Ghalib remains one of the most popul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
