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Mandragora Turcomanica
Mandragora turcomanica, the Turkmenian mandrake, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Kopet Dag mountains in Turkmenistan and one location in neighbouring Iran. It differs from the mandrakes found around the Mediterranean (''Mandragora autumnalis'' and/or ''Mandragora officinarum'') chiefly by being larger. Description ''Mandragora turcomanica'' is a perennial herbaceous plant with a thick, often branched tap-root. It has little or no stem, the leaves being arranged in a basal rosette. The lowest leaves are up to long by across (less in Iranian specimens), the upper leaves being smaller. The lower leaves are usually irregularly toothed towards the end, the upper leaves being entire. Both sides of the leaves have scattered hairs, mainly along the veins. Flowering time is autumn to early spring (October to March) in Turkmenistan, late winter to early spring (February to March) in Iran. The flowers are borne in the centre of the rosette, on stal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olga Mizgireva
Olga Fominichna Mizgireva (russian: Ольга Фоминична Mизгирёва; 1908 – 1994) was a Turkmenistani painter and botanist. Life Mizgireva was born in Tashkent in 1908. Her family stems from the village of Magtymguly (city), Garrygala in southwest Turkmenistan. As a child, she exhibited interest in painting, and attended the experimental UShIVУдарная школа искусств Востока, Eastern Shock-School of Arts school for young talents in Ashgabat. Alexander Vladychik, the director of the school, would become her husband. Her art was based on the traditional Turkmen motifs, painted in bright colors. Her paintings ''Heat'', ''Turkmen girls'', ''Creativity Carpet'', and ''Four Wives'' are now on exhibit in the Turkmen Museum of Fine Arts. In 1934, she received a commission for illustration of species collection of tulips by academician Nikolai Vavilov, on an order from the Netherlands. The work included several thousands of drawings. She returned to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olga F
Olga may refer to: People and fictional characters * Olga (name), a given name, including a list of people and fictional characters named Olga or Olha * Michael Algar (born 1962), English singer also known as "Olga" Places Russia * Olga, Russia, an urban-type settlement in Primorsky Krai * Olga Bay, a bay of the Sea of Japan in Primorsky Krai * Olga (river), Primorsky Krai United States * Olga, Florida, an unincorporated community and census-designated place * Olga, Kentucky, an unincorporated community * Olga, Missouri, an unincorporated community * Olga, Washington, an unincorporated community * Olga Bay, Alaska, a bay on the south end of Kodiak Island * Olga, a neighborhood of South Pasadena, California Elsewhere * Kata Tjuta, Northern Territory, Australia, also known as the Olgas, a group of domed rock formations ** Mount Olga, the tallest of these rock formations * Olga, Greece, a settlement * 304 Olga, a main belt asteroid Arts and entertainment * ''Olga'' (opera), a 200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belladonnine
Belladonnine is a member of class of tropane alkaloids. Belladonnine can be found in plants of family Solanaceae. Commercially available preparations called "belladonnine" are sometimes a mixture of this chemical with atropine Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given i .... References Tropane alkaloids Tropane alkaloids found in Solanaceae Tetralins {{alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae, including henbane, mandrake, angel's trumpets, jimsonweed, tomato, the sorcerers' tree, and deadly nightshade. It is the levorotary isomer of atropine (third of the three major nightshade alkaloids) and thus sometimes known as levo-atropine. Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S, and Neoquess. Uses Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief of spasms caused by various lower abdominal and bladder disorders including peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, colic, and interstitial cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of abnormal respiratory symptoms and " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apohyoscine
Aposcopolamine (apohyoscine) is a bio-active isolate of ''Datura ferox'' and several species of ''Physochlaina'',Gorinova, N.I., Atanassov, A.I. and Velcheva, M.P. ''In Vitro Culture and the Production of Physochlaine and Other Tropane Alkaloids'' - paper in ''Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 43 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants XI'' (ed. by Y.P.S. Bajaj) pub. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999. - plants belonging to the Nightshade family, Solanaceae in which tropane alkaloids are of frequent occurrence, particularly in tribes Datureae and Hyoscyameae. See also *Hydroxyzine *Isovoacristine *Umbelliferone Umbelliferone, also known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, skimmetine, and ''beta''-umbelliferone, is a natural product of the coumarin family. It absorbs ultraviolet light strongly at several wavelengths. There are some indications that this ch ... References Tropane alkaloids Epoxides {{alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyoscine Hydrobromide
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, or Devil's Breath, is a natural or synthetically produced tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is formally used as a medication for treating motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is also sometimes used before surgery to decrease saliva. When used by injection, effects begin after about 20 minutes and last for up to 8 hours. It may also be used orally and as a transdermal patch since it has been long known to have transdermal bioavailability Scopolamine is in the antimuscarinic family of drugs and works by blocking some of the effects of acetylcholine within the nervous system. Scopolamine was first written about in 1881 and started to be used for anesthesia around 1900. Scopolamine is also the main active component produced by certain plants of the nightshade family, which historically have been used as psychoactive drugs (known as ''deliriants'') due to their antimuscarinic-induced hallucinogenic ef ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tropane Alkaloid
Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic [3.2.1] alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkaloids such as cocaine and scopolamine are notorious for their psychoactive effects, related usage and cultural associations. Particular tropane alkaloids such as these have pharmacological properties and can act as anticholinergics or stimulants. Classification Anticholinergics Anticholinergic drugs and deliriants: * Atropine, racemate, racemic hyoscyamine, from the deadly nightshade (''Atropa belladonna'') * Hyoscyamine, the ''levo''-isomer of atropine, from henbane (''Hyoscyamus niger''), mandrake (''Mandragora officinarum'') and the sorcerers' tree (''Latua pubiflora''). * Hyoscine hydrobromide, Scopolamine, from henbane and ''Datura'' species (Jimson weed) All three acetylcholine-inhibiting chemicals can also be found in the leave ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paliurus Spina-christi
''Paliurus spina-christi'', commonly known as Jerusalem thorn, garland thorn, Christ's thorn, or crown of thorns, is a species of ''Paliurus'' native to the Mediterranean region and southwest and central Asia, from Morocco and Spain east to Iran and Tajikistan. Description It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 3–4 m tall. The shoots are zig-zagged, with a leaf and two stipular spines (one straight, one curved) on the outside of each kink. The leaves are oval, 2–5 cm long and 1–4 cm broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The fruit is a dry woody nutlet centred in a circular wing 2–3.5 cm diameter. Etymology As suggested by the Latin name and by an ancient oral tradition , the spiny branches of this shrub were supposedly used to make the crown of thorns placed on Christ's head before his crucifixion. ''Ziziphus spina-christi'', the Christ's thorn jujube, is also identified as being used for the crown of thorns. Use It is viewed as an orname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golestan National Park
Golestan National Park ( fa, پارک ملی گلستان), commonly known as the Golestan Jungle (), is an Iranian National Park in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. Geography The park is located in the eastern Alborz (Elburs) Mountains range and the western edge of the Kopet Dag range. It comprises 91,890 ha. Elevations in the park range from above sea level. Ecology Golestan National Park has a variety of habitats, such as temperate broad leaf forests, grasslands, shrublands and rocky areas. The diverse flora includes stands of white '' Eremurus kopetdaghensis'', '' Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata'' and '' Iris kopetdagensis''. The fauna is very rich and consists of Persian leopards (''Panthera pardus ciscaucasica''), Indian wolves (''Canis lupus pallipes''), brown bear (''Ursus arctos''), golden jackal (''Canis aureus''), wild boars (''Sus scrofa''), maral deer (''Cervus elaphus maral''), roe deer (''Capreolus capreolus''), urial (''Ovis orientalis arkal''), w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are"). In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In botany and mycology, under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, other infraspecific ranks, such as variety, may be named. In bacteriology and virology, under standard bacterial nomenclature and virus nomenclature, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks. A taxonomist decides whether ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
