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Manchu Restoration
The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration (), also known as Zhang Xun Restoration (), or Xuantong Restoration (), was an attempt to restore the Chinese monarchy by General Zhang Xun, whose army seized Beijing and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, Puyi, to the throne. The restoration lasted just shy of two weeks, from July 1, 1917 to July 12, 1917, and was quickly reversed by Republican troops. Despite the uprising's popular name ("Manchu Restoration"), almost all reactionary putschists were ethnic Han. Background Although the Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1912, many people in China wished for its restoration. Ethnic Manchus and Mongols believed that they were discriminated against by China's new Republican government, and restorationism consequently became popular among these ethnic groups. The Qing also enjoyed support among sections of the Han Chinese population as well, such as in Northeastern China. Many were disappointed about the Republi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaitao
Zaitao (23 June 1887 – 2 September 1970), courtesy name Shuyuan, art name Yeyun, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was a half-brother of the Guangxu Emperor and an uncle of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Biography Zaitao was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the seventh son of Yixuan (Prince Chun). His family was under the Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners. He was adopted by an older male relative, Yimo (奕謨; 1850–1905), who had no son to succeed him. In 1890, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, Zaitao was granted the title of a second class . He was promoted to a in 1894. In 1898, Zaitao was transferred from Yimo's lineage to the lineage of Yihe (奕詥; 1844–1868), Prince Zhong of the Second Rank, as Yihe's adopted son because Yihe had no son to succeed him. He was made an acting in the same year. In 1902, he was promoted to . In December 1908, Zaitao was made an acting (second-rank prince), even though nominally he still remained ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lu Jianzhang
Lu Jianzhang (; 1862 – June 14, 1918) was a general of the late Qing dynasty and early Republican period of China. Biography He enlisted in the Huai Army in 1881, before joining the New Army in 1895. He entered the military academy at Tianjin in 1885, becoming an instructor in 1887. In 1905, he was put in charge of New Army units from Shandong and Guangdong provinces. In 1911, he was sent to suppress the Wuchang Uprising, but later went supported the revolutionaries through the influence of relative Feng Yuxiang. In 1912, he participated in the formation of the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. In June 1914, he was sent to Shaanxi Province to suppress the Bai Lang Rebellion. From December 1915 to 1916, he fought in the National Protection War in defense of the Empire of China, but refused to support Zhang Xun's restoration of the Qing dynasty in July 1917. Death Lu was murdered in Tianjin by Fengtian clique members Xu Shuzheng and Yang Yuting. An opponent of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin (; March 19, 1875 June 4, 1928), courtesy name Yuting (雨亭), nicknamed Zhang Laogang (張老疙瘩), was an influential Chinese bandit, soldier, and warlord during the Warlord Era in China. The warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928, and the List of presidents of the Republic of China#Presidents of the Beiyang Government, military dictator of the Republic of China (1912-1949), Republic of China in 1927 and 1928, he rose from banditry to power and influence. Backed by Imperial Japan, Japan, Zhang successfully influenced politics in the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China during the early 1920s. In the fall of 1924, during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, he invaded and gained control of Peking, including the Beiyang government, internationally recognized government, in April 1926. His appointment as Da yuan shuai, grand marshal of the Republic of China in June 1927 represented the height of his success, but was quickly followed by defeat: the econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu Peifu
Wu Peifu or Wu P'ei-fu (; April 22, 1874 – December 4, 1939) was a major figure in the struggles between the warlords who dominated Republican China from 1916 to 1927. Early career Born in Shandong Province in eastern China, Wu initially received a traditional Chinese education. He later joined the Baoding Military Academy () in Beijing and embarked on a career as a professional soldier. His talents as an officer were recognized by his superiors, and he rose quickly in the ranks. Wu joined the "New Army" () (renamed the Beiyang Army in 1902) created by modernizing Qing dynasty Gen. Yuan Shikai. Following the fall of the Qing in 1911, and after Yuan's rise to President of the Republic of China and his subsequent disastrous attempt to proclaim himself emperor, political power in China quickly devolved into the hands of various regional military authorities, inaugurating the era of warlordism. In 1915 Wu became commander of the 6th Brigade. Zhili Clique After Yuan's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wang Chengbin (born 1874)
Wang Chengbin () (August 21, 1874 – February 15, 1936) was an ethnic Manchu Chinese general of the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. He was the father of Hong Kong cartoonist Alfonso Wong. Born in Fengtian (now Liaoning) province, Wang attended the Baoding Military Academy from 1907–09, joining the New Army shortly afterward and being stationed in Changchun, Jilin province. In October 1911, after the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, he was sent to Shanxi Province to suppress supporters of the Xinhai Revolution. In August 1912 he was made commander of the 11th Regiment, which was part of the 3rd Division, 6th Brigade. In autumn 1913 he went with the 3rd Division to Yuezhou (now Yueyang in Hunan), to suppress the Second Revolution. In 1915, he went with the 3rd Division to Sichuan province to suppress opposition to the Empire of China. In July 1917 he acted with Wu Peifu to bring down Zhang Xun's Manchu Restoration The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration () ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Shaozeng
Zhang Shaozeng (; Wade-Giles Chang Shao-ts'eng) (9 October 1879 – 21 March 1928) was a Beiyang Army general in charge of the 20th Division. Biography He was born in Zhili province and graduated from a Japanese military academy in 1901. He was a known radical who advocated constitutional monarchy and supported Wu Luzhen's mutiny during the Xinhai Revolution. He became the Progressive Party boss of Tianjin. In 1912, he secured the loyalty of the Inner Mongolian tribes to Yuan Shikai. He broke with Yuan during the National Protection War and was one of the first to fight against Zhang Xun's attempt to restore the Qing dynasty in 1917. He became affiliated with Cao Kun's Zhili clique and ruled Rehe. He and Wu Peifu advocated the return of the original National Assembly. He served as Li Yuanhong's premier in 1923. He opposed Cao and Wu's plan to invade Guangdong to defeat Sun Yatsen's rival government, preferring to negotiate unification. His tenure as premier in the Beiyang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Song Zheyuan
Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元) (October 30, 1885 – April 5, 1940) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Biography Early life and education Born in the village of Zhaohong, northwest of the seat of Laoling County, Shandong, he was educated under his uncle from his mother's side, a teacher of a traditional Confucian private school in Yanshan County. At the age of 20 (1904) he began studying in the military institute founded by Lu Jianzhang at Beijing and had since become Lu's favorite. In 1912 the troops of Lu and Feng Yuxiang, now subordinates of Yuan Shikai, were regrouped and Feng had then been Song's superior. Military career In 1917, a year after being appointed the head of 1st battalion of Feng's 2nd regiment, his battalion spearheaded the removal of Zhang Xun from his imperial restoration in 1917. As part of the Guominjun he became Governor of Jehol Province in 1926. Following the defeat of the Guominjun in the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feng Yuxiang
Feng Yuxiang (; ; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948), courtesy name Huanzhang (焕章), was a warlord and a leader of the Republic of China from Chaohu, Anhui. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. He was also known as the "Christian General" for his zeal to convert his troops and the "Traitorous General" for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911 he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined forces with revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty. He rose to high rank within Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing Coup in 1924 that knocked Zhili out of power and brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. He joined the Nationalist Party (KMT), supported the Northern Expedition and became blood brothers with Chiang Kai-shek, but resisted Chiang's consolidation of power in the Central Plains War and broke with him again in resisting Japanese incursions in 1933. He spent his later years su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui (; ) (March 6, 1865 – November 2, 1936) was a Chinese warlord and politician, a commander of the Beiyang Army and the acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China (in Beijing) from 1924 to 1926. He was also the Premier of the Republic of China on four occasions between 1913 and 1918. He was arguably the most powerful man in China from 1916 to 1920. Early life Born in Hefei as ''Duan Qirui'' (), his courtesy name was ''Zhiquan'' (). His grandfather was Duan Pei ( zh, 段佩), an officer in Li Hongzhang's privately raised Huai Army (Huai Jun, zh, 淮軍). His father died early and he was raised by his maternal grandmother. Early career In 1885 Duan Qirui entered Tianjin Military Academy (), specializing in artillery, and graduated at the top of his class. Spence 285 After graduation, he was sent to Lüshun to oversee the construction of artillery fortifications and came to the attention of Li Hongzhang, who sent him to study military science in Germany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feng Guozhang
Feng Guozhang, (; courtesy: Huafu 華甫 or 華符) (January 7, 1859 – December 12, 1919) was a Chinese general and politician in early republican China. He held the office of Vice-President and then President of the Republic of China. He is considered the founder of the Zhili Clique of Warlords that vied for control of northern China during the chaotic Warlord era. Early life Feng Guozhang was born to a real estate family in Hejian, Hebei ( Zhili). His family had fallen on hard times and was forced to sell its properties to educate its sons; however being the fourth son, Feng was unable to complete his education due to costs. He reputedly had to survive part of his early life by playing the violin in theatres.Gray, p. 169. Early career Without much recourse, Feng enlisted in the army, then undergoing reforms that would eventually create the Beiyang Army under the command of Yuan Shikai. Feng performed admirably and came to the notice of a battalion commander, who ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Li Yuanhong
Li Yuanhong (; courtesy name Songqing 宋卿) (October 19, 1864 – June 3, 1928) was a Chinese politician during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China. He was the president of the Republic of China between 1916 and 1917, and between 1922 and 1923. Early life A native of Huangpi, Hubei, he was the son of a Qing veteran of the Taiping Rebellion named Li Chaoxiang (). He graduated from the Tianjin naval academy in 1889 and served as an engineer in the First Sino-Japanese war. His cruiser was sunk and he survived because of his life belt, since he could not swim. He later joined the Hubei New Army and became senior military officer in Hankou. In 1910, he attempted to break up revolutionary rings that infiltrated his 21st Mixed Brigade. He did not arrest anyone caught in subversive activities, but simply dismissed them. National prominence When the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 broke out, the Wuchang mutineers needed a visible high-ranking officer to be their figurehead. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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