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Maku Language
Maku (Macu, Máku, Mácu, Makú, Macú) or Maco (Mako, Máko, Macó, Makó) is a pejorative term referring to several hunter-gatherer peoples of the upper Amazon, derived from an Arawakan term ''ma-aku'' "do not speak / without speech". Nimuendajú (1950), for example, notes six peoples of Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil that are known as 'Maku'. In linguistic literature, the term refers primarily to: * the Nadahup languages, a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, sometimes disambiguated from other Maku languages as ''Makú'' or ''Macú'', though those forms can apply to any of the languages, or as ''Makuan''. Such languages include Hup, spoken by Hupda, (''Hupdá Makú'', ''Makú-Hupdá'', ''Macú De'') and Guariba Maku * the closely related Nukak Makú and Kakwa (''Macu de Cubeo'', ''Macu de Desano'', ''Macu de Guanano'', ''Macú-Paraná'') * the Maku-Auari language, the 'Maku' of Roraima and the Auari River, a possible language isolate of Brazil and Vene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunter-gatherer
A traditional hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living an ancestrally derived lifestyle in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local sources, especially edible wild plants but also insects, fungi, honey, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish), roughly as most animal omnivores do. Hunter-gatherer societies stand in contrast to the more sedentary agricultural societies, which rely mainly on cultivating crops and raising domesticated animals for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct. Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful competitive adaptation in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piaroa Language
The Piaroa people, known among themselves as the ''Huottüja'' or ''De'aruhua'', are a pre-Columbian South American indigenous ethnic group of the middle Orinoco Basin in present-day Colombia and Venezuela, living in an area larger than Belgium, roughly circumscribed by the Suapure, Parguaza (north), the Ventuari (south-east), the Manapiare (north-east) and the right bank of the Orinoco (west). Their present-day population is about 15,00(INE 2002) with an estimated 2,500 living on the left bank of the Orinoco River, in Colombia, in several reservations between the Vichada (north) and the Guaviare (south).Freire & Zent. 2007. "Los Piaroa", iSalud Indígena en Venezuela/ref> Since the Piaroa (Huottüja or De'aruhua) were discovered by missionaries and explorers around 1780 they have been an autonomous peaceful (pacifist) anarchy with many individual small self-governed villages scattered over a very wide area. Ethnologists and linguists from the 18th century misidentified th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorobo
Dorobo (or ''Ndorobo'', ''Wadorobo'', ''dorobo'', ''Torobo'') is a derogatory umbrella term for several unrelated hunter-gatherer groups of Kenya and Tanzania. They comprised client groups to the Maasai and did not practice cattle pastoralism. Etymology The term 'Dorobo' derives from the Maa expression ''il-tóróbò'' (singular ''ol-torróbònì'') 'hunters; the ones without cattle'. Living from hunting wild animals implies being primitive, and being without cattle implies being very poor in the pastoralist Maa culture. Classifications In the past it has been assumed that all Dorobo were of Southern Nilotic origin; accordingly, the term ''Dorobo'' was thought to denote several closely related ethnic groups. Groups that have been referred to as Dorobo include: *Kaplelach Okiek and Kipchornwonek Okiek (Nilotic; Rift Valley Province, Kenya) * Sengwer *Mukogodo-Maasai (the former Yaaku, sometimes Aramanik) (Yaaku language; Laikipia District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya) *Aasax (A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puinave–Maku Languages
Macro-Puinavean is a hypothetical proposal linking some very poorly attested languages to the Nadahup family. The Puinave language is sometimes linked specifically with the Nadahup languages and Nukak- Kakwa group, as Puinave–Maku. Paul Rivet (1920) and other researchers proposed decades ago the hypothesis of a Puinave-Makú family. Later, Joseph Greenberg (1987) grouped the Puinave-Makú languages, together with the Tucano family, the Katukinan, Waorani and Ticuna languages in the Macro-Tukano trunk. Punave-Maku and the Máku language (''Maku of Auari'') is sometimes connected to the Arutani–Sape languages (yet again also known as ''Maku'') in a ''Kalianan'' branch, a connection which Kaufman (1990) finds "promising", but there is too little data on these languages to know for sure. Hodï has been proposed specifically as a sister of Puinave–Maku too. Kaufman (1994: 60, 2007: 67–68) also adds Katukinan to the family. Language contact For the Puinave-Nadahup langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marueta People
In a tribe called Marueta, located in Venezuela, South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ..., live the Maco people. They are one of several tribes called "Maco" by the Arawak peoples. Indigenous peoples in Venezuela Indigenous peoples of the Guianas {{venezuela-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carabayo Language
The Carabayo (Caraballo) language is spoken by the Carabayo people, also known as ''Yuri'' and ''Aroje'', an uncontacted Amazonian people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, one of several suspected uncontacted peoples living along the Rio Puré (now the Río Puré National Park) in the southeastern corner of the country. They are known as the ''Aroje'' to the Bora people. '' Maku'' and ''Macusa'' are pejorative Arawak terms applied to many local languages, not anything specific to Carabayo. The name "Carabayo" is taken from a mock name, "Bernardo Caraballo", given to a Carabayo man during his captivity in the Capuchin mission at La Pedrera in 1969. It has been reported that their self-designation is ''Yacumo''. Classification It is often assumed that the Carabayo language and people are a continuation of the Yuri language and people attested from the same area in the 19th century. Indeed, Colombian government publications speak of the "Yuri (Carabayo)", "Carabayo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yanomaman Languages
Yanomaman, also as Yanomam, Yanomáman, Yamomámi, and Yanomamana (also Shamatari, Shirianan), is a family of languages spoken by about 20,000 Yanomami people in southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas). Subdivision Ferreira et al. (2019) Ferreira, Machado & Senra (2019) divide the Yanomaman family into two branches, with six languages in total.Ferreira, Helder Perri; Machado, Ana Maria Antunes; Senra, Estevão Benfica. 2019. As línguas Yanomami no Brasil: diversidade e vitalidade'. São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) and Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). 216pp. # Ninam-Yanomam-Yaroamë #*''Nimam'' #** Ninam (also known as Yanami, Yanami-Ninami) - 900 speakers in Venezuela and Brazil #*''Yanomam-Yaroamë'' #** Yanomám (also known as Waiká) - 6,000 speakers mainly in Venezuela #**Yanomamö (also known as Yanomame, Yanomami) - 20,000 speakers mainly in Brazil #** Yaroamë (also known as Jawari) - 400 speakers in B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arutani–Sape Languages
Arutani–Sape, also known as Awake–Kaliana or Kalianan, is a proposed language family that includes two of the most poorly documented languages in South America, both of which are now extinct. They are at best only distantly related. Kaufman (1990) found a connection convincing, but Migliazza & Campbell (1988) maintained that there is no evidence for linking them. The two languages are, * Arutani (also known as Aoaqui, Auake, Auaque, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutani) * Sape (also known as Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliana, Kariana) Kaufman (1990) states that a further connection with Máku (Maku of Roraima/Auari) is "promising". (See Macro-Puinavean languages.) Vocabulary Migliazza (1978) Migliazza (1978) gives the following Swadesh list table for Uruak, Sape, and Máku ("Maku"):Migliazza, Ernesto C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak Languages: Current Status and Basic Lexicon. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 20: 133-140. : See also * Macro-Puinavean languages Notes Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achagua Language
Achagua, or Achawa ( aca, Achawa), is an Arawakan language spoken in the Meta Department of Colombia, similar to Piapoco. It is estimated that 250 individuals speak the language, many of whom also speak Piapoco or Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can .... "Achagua is a language of the Maipurean Arawakan group traditionally spoken by the Achagua people of Venezuela and east-central Colombia." A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Achawa or Piapoco. There is 1 to 5% literacy in Achagua. Phonology Consonants * /n/ is realized as when preceding palatal consonants. * /k/ is palatalized when preceding /i/. * Sounds /b, d/ are preglottalized within accented syllables or after accented syllables. * /b/ is realized as when occurri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japurá River
The Japurá River or Caquetá River is a river about long in the Amazon basin. It rises in Colombia and flows eastward through Brazil to join the Amazon River. Course The river rises as the Caquetá River in the Andes in southwest Colombia. The Caquetá River rises near the sources of the Magdalena River, and augments its volume from many branches as it courses through Colombia. It flows southeast into Brazil, where it is called the Japurá. The Japurá enters the Amazon River through a network of channels. It is navigable by small boats in Brazil. West of the Rio Negro, the Solimões River (as the Amazon's upper Brazilian course is called) receives three more imposing streams from the northwest—the Japurá, the Içá (referred to as the Putumayo before it crosses over into Brazil), and the Napo. Environment For much of its length the river flows through the Purus várzea ecoregion. The river is home to a wide variety of fish and reptiles, including enormous catfish weighi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puinave Language
Puinave, Waipunavi (Guaipunabi) or Wanse ( pui, Wãnsöhöt) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela. It is generally considered to be an unclassified language. Varieties Varieties listed by Mason (1950): *Puinave (Epined) **Western: Bravos, Guaripa **Eastern: Mansos *Macú **Macú **Tikié **Kerarí **Papurí **Nadöbo Alternate names of Puinave are ''Puinabe, Puinavis, Uaipunabis, Guaipunavos, Uaipis''. Classification Puinave is sometimes linked to other poorly attested languages of the region in various Macro-Puinavean proposals, but no good evidence has ever been produced. The original motivation seems to simply be that all of these languages were called ''Maku'' "babble" by Arawakans.Patience Epps, 2008. ''A Grammar of Hup''. Mouton de Gruyter. Ongoing work on Puinave by Girón Higuita at the University of Amsterdam will hopefully clarify the situation. Phonology Consonants Vowels Syllable structure is (C)V(C); nasal syllabic nuclei cause allophonic vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ventuari River
The Ventuari River is the largest tributary of the Orinoco in southern Venezuela. The Ventuari flows from south-central Venezuela in the Guiana Highlands southwest into the Orinoco River. It is long and its major tributary is the Manapiare River. The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. The Ventuari River is the largest clearwater tributary of the Orinoco. , 470 fish species were known from the river, including several endemics, and a few new species have been described from the river since then. References * Hitchcock, Charles B. ''La región Orinoco Ventuari''. Relato de la Expedición Phelps al Cerro Yaví. Caracas: Ministerio de Educación Nacional, Imprenta El Compás, 1984 (Translated from an older English Edition: ''The Orinoco - Ventuari Region''. American Geographical Society, 1947). * Koch-Grünberg, Theodor. ''Vom Roraima zum Orinoco''. 1917. Reissued by Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
