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Maintenance Actions
Maintenance actions, historically referred to as socio-emotive actions, are those leadership actions taken by one or more members of a group to enhance the social relationships among group members. They tend to increase the overall effectiveness of the group and create a more positive atmosphere of interaction within the group. Concept Maintenance actions are contrasted with Task Actions which are those actions taken to enable the group to complete a specific task or goal. Conceptually developed by social psychologist Kurt Lewin in his extensive research into group interaction during the 1940s, maintenance actions were extended into the discipline of leadership studies through the work of Douglas McGregor in his definitive statement of principles of leadership, ''The Human Side of Enterprise''. Countless texts and "how to" manuals on group and team leadership since Lewin's work have sought to identify those activities which can then be used in group situations to maintain as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leadership
Leadership, both as a research area and as a practical skill, encompasses the ability of an individual, group or organization to "lead", influence or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. The word "leadership" often gets viewed as a contested term. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints on the concept, sometimes contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) North American versus European approaches. U.S. academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common and ethical task". Basically, leadership can be defined as an influential power-relationship in which the power of one party (the "leader") promotes movement/change in others (the "followers"). Some have challenged the more traditional managerial views of leadership (which portray leadership as something possessed or owned by one individual due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychotherapist
Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience. There are hundreds of psychotherapy techniques, some being minor variations; others are based on very different conceptions of psychology. Most involve one-to-one sessions, between the client and therapist, but some are conducted with groups, incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimson Tide (film)
''Crimson Tide'' is a 1995 American action thriller film directed by Tony Scott and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer. It takes place during a period of political turmoil in Russia, in which ultranationalists threaten to launch nuclear missiles at the United States and Japan. The film focuses on a clash of wills between the seasoned commanding officer of a U.S. nuclear missile submarine ( Gene Hackman) and his new executive officer (Denzel Washington), arising from conflicting interpretations of an order to launch their missiles. The story parallels a real incident during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hans Zimmer, who scored the film, won a Grammy Award for the main theme, which heavily uses synthesizers instead of traditional orchestral instruments. An extended cut, which incorporates seven minutes of deleted scenes, was released on DVD in 2006, while the 2008 Blu-ray release only includes the theatrical version. Plot In post-Soviet Russia, civil war erupts as a resul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiedler
Fiedler is a German word for "fiddler", and is a German and Ashkenazi Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Adolf Gottlieb Fiedler (1771–1850), German entrepreneur in Saxony and Poland * Arkady Fiedler (1894–1985), Polish writer * Arthur Fiedler (1894–1979), American conductor * Bernhard Fiedler (1816–1904), German painter *Bernold Fiedler (born 1956), German mathematician *Bobbi Fiedler (1937–2019), American politician * Christian Fiedler (born 1975), former German football goalkeeper *Edgar Fiedler (1929–2003), American economist * Ellen Fiedler (born 1958), German athlete * François Fiedler (1921–2001), Abstract Expressionist Painter *Franz Fiedler (1885–1956), Austrian photographer *Fred Fiedler ( 1922 –2017), industrial and organizational psychologist **Fiedler contingency model, a leadership theory developed by Fred Fiedler *Fritz Fiedler (1899–1972), German automobile engineer * Hermann Georg Fiedler (1862–1945), German scholar *Jay F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people or by social norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions. History Although issues in social psychology have been discussed in philosophy for much of human history, the scientific discipline of social psychology formally began in the late 19th to early 20th century. 19th century In the 19th century, social psychology began to emerge from the larger field of psychology. At the time, many psychologists were concerned with developing concrete explanations for the different aspects of human nature. They attempted to discover concrete cause-and-effect relationships that explained social interactions. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Support Group
In a support group, members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular shared, usually burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come together for sharing coping strategies, to feel more empowered and for a sense of community. The help may take the form of providing and evaluating relevant information, relating personal experiences, listening to and accepting others' experiences, providing sympathetic understanding and establishing social networks. A support group may also work to inform the public or engage in advocacy. History Formal support groups may appear to be a modern phenomenon, but they supplement traditional fraternal organizations such as Freemasonry in some respects, and may build on certain supportive functions (formerly) carried out in (extended) families. Other types of groups formed to support causes, including causes outside of themselves, are more often called ''advocacy groups'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Personality Type
In psychology, personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of individuals. Personality types are sometimes distinguished from personality traits, with the latter embodying a smaller grouping of behavioral tendencies. Types are sometimes said to involve ''qualitative'' differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as ''quantitative'' differences. According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with many people in the middle. In contrast to personality traits, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial. Clinically effective personality typologies Effective personality typologies reveal and increase knowledge and understanding of individuals, as opposed to diminishing knowledge and understanding as occurs in the case of stereotyping. Effective ty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irvin Yalom
Irvin is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Irvin J. Borowsky (1924-2014), American publisher * Irvin Cobb (1876–1944), American author *Irvin Dorfman (1924–2006), American tennis player *Irvin Duguid (born 1969), Scottish musician *Irvin Feld (1918–1984), American impresario *Irvin Kershner (1923-2010), American film director * Irvin Khoza (born 1948), South African sports administrator *Irvin Mayfield (born 1977), American jazz musician *Irvin McDowell (1818–1885), American soldier *Irvin Shapiro (1906–1989), American film distributor *Irvin Talton, (dates unavailable), American politician * Earl Irvin West (1920–2011), American church historian * Irvin Westheimer (1879–1980), American philanthropist *Irvin Willat (1890–1976), American film director * Irvin Yalom (born 1931), American author *Irvin Yeaworth (1926–2004), German film director Surname *Britt Irvin (born 1984), Canadian actress *Bruce Irvin (born 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Role Theory
Role theory is a concept in sociology and in social psychology that considers most of everyday activity to be the acting-out of socially defined categories (e.g., mother, manager, teacher). Each role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms, and behaviors that a person has to face and fulfill. The model is based on the observation that people behave in a predictable way, and that an individual's behavior is context specific, based on social position and other factors. The theatre is a metaphor often used to describe role theory. Although the word ''role'' (or ''roll'') has existed in European languages for centuries, as a sociological concept, the term has only been around since the 1920s and 1930s. It became more prominent in sociological discourse through the theoretical works of George Herbert Mead, Jacob L. Moreno, Talcott Parsons, Ralph Linton, and Georg Simmel. Two of Mead's concepts— the mind and the self—are the precursors to role theory. The theory posits the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Task Actions
Task may refer to: * Task (computing), in computing, a program execution context * Task (language instruction) refers to a certain type of activity used in language instruction * Task (project management), an activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period of time * Task (teaching style) * TASK party, a series of improvisational participatory art-related events organized by artist Oliver Herring * Two-pore-domain potassium channel, a family of potassium ion channels See also * The Task (other) * Task force (other) A task force is a group set up to focus on a specific goal. Task force may also refer to: * Chevrolet Task Force, a GM line of trucks from 1955-1959 * Falklands Task Force, the United Kingdom military forces assembled to retake the Falkland Isla ... * Task switching (other) * {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collective Behavior
The expression collective behavior was first used by Franklin Henry Giddings and employed later by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, Herbert Blumer, Ralph H. Turner and Lewis Killian, and Neil Smelser to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Use of the term has been expanded to include reference to cells, social animals like birds and fish, and insects including ants. Collective behavior takes many forms but generally violates societal norms. Collective behavior can be tremendously destructive, as with riots or mob violence, silly, as with fads, or anywhere in between. Collective behavior is always driven by group dynamics, encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances. Defining the field Turner and Killian were the first sociologists to back their theoretical propositions with visual evidence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Facilitator
A facilitator is a person who helps a group of people to work together better, understand their common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions. In doing so, the facilitator remains "neutral", meaning they do not take a particular position in the discussion. Some facilitator tools will try to assist the group in achieving a consensus on any disagreements that preexist or emerge in the meeting so that it has a solid basis for future action. Definitions There are a variety of definitions for ''facilitator'': * "An individual who enables groups and organizations to work more effectively; to collaborate and achieve synergy. He or she is a 'content neutral' party who by not taking sides or expressing or advocating a point of view during the meeting, can advocate for fair, open, and inclusive procedures to accomplish the group's work" – Michael Doyle * "One who contributes structure and process to interactions so groups are able to function ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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