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Maculinea
''Phengaris'' is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the subfamily Polyommatinae. Commonly, these butterflies are called large blues, which if referring to a particular species is '' P. arion'', a species resident in Europe and some parts of Asia. ''Phengaris'' is currently defined to include the genus ''Maculinea''. The type species of the latter was the Alcon blue (''"M." alcon''). This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of ''Maculinea'' than the traditional ''Phengaris'' species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. Alternatively, ''Maculinea'' could be restricted to the one or two species of "Alcon" blues, and the rest of it be separated as a new genus. But this would create two very small genera, which is generally avoided by modern taxonomists. As ''Phengaris'' is the older name, it thus replaces ''Maculinea''.Brower (2008) ''Maculinea'' was alternatively considered to be a subgenus of ''Glauc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phengaris Rebeli
''Phengaris rebeli'' (formerly ''Maculinea rebeli''), common name mountain Alcon blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was first found and described in Styria, Austria, on Mount Hochschwab around 1700. Although it was initially classified as a subspecies of '' P. alcon'', a European researcher, Lucien A. Berger, designated it as a separate species in 1946. Genetic similarities between ''P. rebeli'' and ''P. alcon'' have led many researchers to argue that the two are the same species and differences are due to intraspecific variation. Although ''P. rebeli'' is found across the Palearctic (see subspecies), it is difficult to determine the species' precise range due to confusion with ''P. alcon''. Behavioral ecologists have found its role as a brood parasite to be of particular interest as, unlike many brood parasites, it does not directly oviposit in the hosts' nests. ''P. rebeli'' parasitizes the colony ant species '' Myrmica schencki'' as a larva by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Large Blue
The large blue (''Phengaris arion'') is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first defined in 1758 and first recorded in Britain in 1795. In 1979 the species became mostly extinct in Britain but has been successfully reintroduced with new conservation methods. The species is classified as "near threatened" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Today ''P. arion'' can be found in Europe, the Caucasus, Armenia, western Siberia, Altai, north-western Kazakhstan and Sichuan. The large blue can be distinguished by its unique speckled black dots on its wings with a blue background. The large blue butterfly is well known in behavioural ecology as it is a brood parasite of a single species of red ant, ''Myrmica sabuleti''. Subspecies *''P. a. arion'' Mainland Europe, western Siberia, Altai, north-western Kazakhstan *''P. a. delphinatus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1910) *''P. a. zara'' Jachontov, 1935 Caucasus, Armenia *''P. a. buholzeri'' Rezbanyai, 1978 * ''P. a. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phengaris Alcon
''Phengaris alcon'', the Alcon blue or Alcon large blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae and is found in Europe and across the Palearctic to Siberia and Mongolia. Description from Seitz ''L. alcon'' Schiff. (= areas Esp., ''euphemus'' Godt.) (83 a). Large, the male above deep blue, but without brilliant gloss. The female black-brown, dusted with dark blue in the basal area. The dark violet-grey underside has numerous ocelli. ''L. alcon'' is easily distinguished from the following species (''coeligena'', ''euphemus'', ''arcas'', ''arion'', ''arionides'' ...) by the male bearing on the blue disc of the forewing no other black spots but the discocellular lunule. Central Europe and North Asia, from the coast of the North Sea (Hamburg, Bremen, Belgium) to the Mediterranean, and from France to the Altai, Dauria and Tibet, ab. ''nigra'' Wheel, has the males strongly darkened, the females being quite black above. In ab. ''cecinae'' Hormuz. the ocelli of the underside are abs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcon Blue
''Phengaris alcon'', the Alcon blue or Alcon large blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae and is found in Europe and across the Palearctic to Siberia and Mongolia. Description from Seitz ''L. alcon'' Schiff. (= areas Esp., ''euphemus'' Godt.) (83 a). Large, the male above deep blue, but without brilliant gloss. The female black-brown, dusted with dark blue in the basal area. The dark violet-grey underside has numerous ocelli. ''L. alcon'' is easily distinguished from the following species (''coeligena'', ''euphemus'', ''arcas'', ''arion'', ''arionides'' ...) by the male bearing on the blue disc of the forewing no other black spots but the discocellular lunule. Central Europe and North Asia, from the coast of the North Sea (Hamburg, Bremen, Belgium) to the Mediterranean, and from France to the Altai, Dauria and Tibet, ab. ''nigra'' Wheel, has the males strongly darkened, the females being quite black above. In ab. ''cecinae'' Hormuz. the ocelli of the underside are abse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phengaris Kurentzovi
''Phengaris'' is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the subfamily Polyommatinae. Commonly, these butterflies are called large blues, which if referring to a particular species is '' P. arion'', a species resident in Europe and some parts of Asia. ''Phengaris'' is currently defined to include the genus ''Maculinea''. The type species of the latter was the Alcon blue (''"M." alcon''). This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of ''Maculinea'' than the traditional ''Phengaris'' species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. Alternatively, ''Maculinea'' could be restricted to the one or two species of "Alcon" blues, and the rest of it be separated as a new genus. But this would create two very small genera, which is generally avoided by modern taxonomists. As ''Phengaris'' is the older name, it thus replaces ''Maculinea''.Brower (2008) ''Maculinea'' was alternatively considered to be a subgenus of ''Glauc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phengaris Daitozana
''Phengaris'' is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the subfamily Polyommatinae. Commonly, these butterflies are called large blues, which if referring to a particular species is ''Large blue, P. arion'', a species resident in Europe and some parts of Asia. ''Phengaris'' is currently defined to include the genus ''Maculinea''. The type species of the latter was the Alcon blue (''"M." alcon''). This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of ''Maculinea'' than the traditional ''Phengaris'' species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. lumpers and splitters, Alternatively, ''Maculinea'' could be restricted to the one or two species of "Alcon" blues, and the rest of it be separated as a new genus. But this would create two very small genera, which is generally avoided by modern taxonomists. As ''Phengaris'' is the older name, it thus replaces ''Maculinea''.Brower (2008) ''Maculinea'' was alternatively consider ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maculinea Arion Large Blue Underside SFrance 2009-07-18
''Phengaris'' is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the subfamily Polyommatinae. Commonly, these butterflies are called large blues, which if referring to a particular species is '' P. arion'', a species resident in Europe and some parts of Asia. ''Phengaris'' is currently defined to include the genus ''Maculinea''. The type species of the latter was the Alcon blue (''"M." alcon''). This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of ''Maculinea'' than the traditional ''Phengaris'' species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. Alternatively, ''Maculinea'' could be restricted to the one or two species of "Alcon" blues, and the rest of it be separated as a new genus. But this would create two very small genera, which is generally avoided by modern taxonomists. As ''Phengaris'' is the older name, it thus replaces ''Maculinea''.Brower (2008) ''Maculinea'' was alternatively considered to be a subgenus of ''Glauc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phengaris Alcon Arenaria
The Dutch Alcon blue (''Phengaris alcon arenaria'') was a subspecies of the Alcon blue butterfly (''Phengaris alcon''). There is not much known about this subspecies, but it has always been very rare. It was endemic to the Netherlands, where two populations were known. One in Meijendel (dunes north of The Hague), and in the Meije (in the neighbourhood of the Nieuwkoopse Plassen). The population in the Meije disappeared in 1975 and in Meijendel this subspecies disappeared in 1979. See also * List of extinct animals of Europe * List of extinct animals of the Netherlands This list of extinct animals of the Netherlands includes the animal species and subspecies once lived in the Netherlands but have disappeared since human habitation. This list features the mammals, birds, fish, molluscs, butterflies, dragonfl ... References * Maas, P. 2005. Duingentiaanblauwtje - ''Maculinea alcon arenaria''The Extinction Website Downloaded on 24 October 2014. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5317244 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gossamer-winged Butterflies
Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies (behind Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species. The family comprises seven subfamilies, including the blues (Polyommatinae), the coppers (Lycaeninae), the hairstreaks (Theclinae), and the harvesters (Miletinae). Description, food, and life cycle Adults are small, under 5 cm usually, and brightly coloured, sometimes with a metallic gloss. Larvae are often flattened rather than cylindrical, with glands that may produce secretions that attract and subdue ants. Their cuticles tend to be thickened. Some larvae are capable of producing vibrations and low sounds that are transmitted through the substrates they inhabit. They use these sounds to communicate with ants.Pierce, N. E.; Braby, M. F.; Heath, A.; Lohman, D. J.; Mathew, J.; Rand, D. B. & Travassos, M. A. (2002)"The ecol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. ) In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals. Etymology The word —coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig—is derived from the Ancient Greek words (''sún''), meaning "with, together"; (''apó''), meaning "away from"; and (''morphḗ''), meaning "shape, form". Clade analysis T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the ''base'' (or root) of a phylogenetic tree#Rooted tree, rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa. While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in taxonomic rank, Phylogenetic diversity, species diversity, or both. If ''C'' is a basal clade within ''D'' that has the lowest rank of all basal clades within ''D'', ''C'' may be described as ''the'' basal taxon of that rank within ''D''. The concept of a 'key innovation' implies some degree of correlation between evolutionary innovation and cladogenesis, diversification. However, such a correlation does not make a given ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensu Stricto
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage. Common qualifiers ''Sensu'' is the ablative case of the noun ''sensus'', here meaning "sense". It is often accompanied by an adjective (in the same case). Three such phrases are: *''sensu stricto'' – "in the strict sense", abbreviation ''s.s.'' or ''s.str.''; *''sensu lato'' – "in the broad sense", abbreviation ''s.l.''; *''sensu amplo'' – "in a relaxed, generous (or 'ample') sense", a similar meaning to ''sensu lato''. Søren Kierkegaard uses the phrase ''sensu eminenti'' to mean "in the pre-eminent r most important or significantsense". When appropriate, comparative and superlative adjectives may also be used to convey the meaning o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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