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Macro-Warpean Languages
Macro-Warpean (or Macro-Huarpean) is a provisional proposal by Kaufman (1994) that connected the extinct Huarpe language with the previously connected Muran and Matanawí ''(Mura–Matanawí)''. Morris Swadesh had included Huarpe in his Macro-Jibaro proposal. Language contact For the Mura-Matanawi languages, Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kwaza, Taruma, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Tupi, and Arawa language families due to contact. Comparison Comparison of basic vocabulary in Matanawí and Mura-Pirahã by Diego Valio Antunes Alves (2019: 86),Valio Antunes Alves, Diego. 2019. ''Langue matanawí: Description phonologique et proposition de classification linguistique''. M.A. dissertation, Université de la Sorbonne. 86 pp. with data of both languages cited from Curt Nimuendajú Curt Unckel Nimuendajú (born Curt Unckel; 18 April 1883 – 10 December 1945) was a German- Brazilian ethnologist, anthropologist, and writer. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muran Languages
Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small phoneme inventory (around 11 compared to around 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone. In the 19th century, there were an estimated 30,000–60,000 Mura. It is now spoken by only 300 Pirahã people in eight villages. Dialects Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892) eference? there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura, or even as Muran languages. The names are: * Bohurá, or ''Buxwaray'', the original form of the name 'Mura'; spoken on the Autaz River * Pirahã, or ''Pirahá, Pirahán'', the name the remaining dialect goes by * Yahahí, also spelled ''Jahahi''; spoken on the Branco River On the basis of a minuscule amount of data, it would appear that Bohurá (Mura proper) was mutually intelligible with Pirahã; however, for Yahahí there exists only ethnographic info ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matanawi Language
Matanawi (''Matanauí, Mitandua, Moutoniway'') was a divergent Amazonian language that appears to be distantly related to the Muran languages. It was originally spoken on the Castanha River and Madeirinha River in Amazonas State. Vocabulary The only existing word list for Matanawi is that of Curt Nimuendajú Curt Unckel Nimuendajú (born Curt Unckel; 18 April 1883 – 10 December 1945) was a German- Brazilian ethnologist, anthropologist, and writer. His works are fundamental for the understanding of the religion and cosmology of some native Brazilia ... (1925).Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925As Tribus do Alto Madeira ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'' XVII. 137-172.PDF Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Matanawí. : References Indigenous languages of the Americas Extinct languages Language isolates of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huarpe Language
Huarpe (''Warpe'') was a small language family of central Argentina (historic Cuyo Province) that consisted of two closely related languages. They are traditionally considered dialects, and include Allentiac (Alyentiyak, Huarpe) and Millcayac (Milykayak). A third, Puntano of San Luis, was not documented before the languages became extinct. Kaufman (1994) tentatively linked Huarpe to the Mura-Matanawi languages in a family he called ''Macro-Warpean''. However, he noted that "no systematic study" had been made, so that it is best to consider them independent families. Swadesh and Suárez both connected Huarpe to Macro-Jibaro, a possibility that has yet to be investigated. Varieties Loukotka (1968) Varieties classified by Loukotka (1968) as part of the Huarpe language cluster (all unattested unless noted otherwise, i.e. for Chiquiyama and Comechingon): *Oico / Holcotian - once spoken in Mendoza Province in the Diamante Valley. *Orcoyan / Oscollan - once spoken in the souther ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh (; January 22, 1909 – July 20, 1967) was an American linguist who specialized in comparative and historical linguistics. Swadesh was born in Massachusetts to Bessarabian Jewish immigrant parents. He completed bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Chicago, studying under Edward Sapir, and then followed Sapir to Yale University where he completed a Ph.D. in 1933. Swadesh taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1937 to 1939, and then during World War II worked on projects with the United States Army and Office of Strategic Services. He became a professor at the City College of New York after the war's end, but was fired in 1949 due to his membership in the Communist Party. He spent most of the rest of his life teaching in Mexico and Canada. Swadesh had a particular interest in the indigenous languages of the Americas, and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was one of the pioneers of glottochronology and lexicosta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Jibaro
The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan are most frequently linked, the isolates less often. Documentation of Urarina is underway as of 2006, but Puelche and Huarpe are extinct. Kaufman (1994) linked Huarpe instead to the Muran languages and Matanawi (see Macro-Warpean), but as of 1990 found the Jibaro–Cahuapanan connection plausible. It forms one part of his expanded 2007 suggestion for Macro-Andean.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kwaza Language
Kwaza (also written as Kwazá or Koaiá) is an endangered language, endangered Amazonian language spoken by the Kwaza people of Brazil. Kwaza is an unclassified language. It has grammatical similarities with neighboring Aikanã language, Aikanã and Kanoê language, Kanoê, but it's not yet clear if that is due to a genealogical relationship or to contact. Little is known about Kwaza people and language due to the minimal historical sources available; if mentioned in reliable documents, it is usually in reference to its neighbors.[Voort, Hein van. A Grammar of Kwaza. Berlin ;New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. Print. 3.] What is known, is that the Kwaza people were at one point a nation of a few thousand people, which could be subdivided into various groups. The Kwaza language is threatened by extinction. In 2004, the language was spoken on a day-to-day basis by just 54 people living in the south of the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Of those 54, more than half were children, and h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taruma Language
Taruma (''Taruamá'') is a divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language. The people and language are known as ''Saluma'' in Suriname. Classification Taruma is unclassified. It has been proposed to be distantly related to Katembri (Kaufman 1990), but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages (Campbell 2012). History Taruma was spoken around the mouth of the Rio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southern Guyana. In the 1940s, the Taruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group.Campbell, Lyle. 2018. ''Language Isolates''. New York: Routledge. However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village of Marunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe. Languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katukina-Katawixi Languages
Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they're close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari (Fabre 2005). Campbell (2012) note that Adelaar "presents reasonably persuasive evidence that Harákmbut and Katukinan are genetically related." Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Jivaro, Máku, Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Yanomami, and Arawak language families due to contact. This suggests that Katukinan and the language families with which it was in contact with had been earlier spoken within a central Amazon interaction sphere. Languages and dialects Many ethnic Katukina had shifted to other languages by the time of Eu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arawak Languages
Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock. Name The name ''Maipure'' was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term ''Arawak'' took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan propo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupi Languages
The Tupí or Tupinambá languages (also known as Tupi–Guarani III) are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.Dietrich, Wolf. O tronco tupi e as suas famílias de línguas. Classificação e esboço tipológico. In: NOLL, Volker. ''O Português e o Tupi no Brasil''. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2010. Languages The Tupi languages are:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds)''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. *Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral) *Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára) * Cocama–Omagua Omagua or low jungle (''selva baja'' or partially '' tierra caliente'') is one of the eightPulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): ... * Tupinikin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arawa Languages
Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil ( Amazonas, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact. Family division Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá † * Kulina * Deni * Jamamadi * Paumari * Suruwahá Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. († = extinct) ;Arawa *'' Suruwaha'' *Madi-Deni-Paumari **'' Paumari'' **'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' **Madi-Arawa ***'' Arawa'' † ***Madi: '' Banawa''; '' Jamamadi''; '' Jarawara'' Dienst (2010) Internal classification by Dienst (2010): ;Arawan *'' Arawa'' † *'' Pau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
