Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
(
Amazonas,
Acre
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imp ...
) and
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
(
Ucayali
The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city o ...
).
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Chapakura-Wañam,
Jivaro,
Kwaza,
Maku,
Mura-Matanawi,
Taruma,
Yanomami
The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.
Etymology
The ethnonym ''Yanomami ...
,
Arawak
The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Great ...
,
Nadahup,
Puinave-Kak, and
Tupi language families due to contact.
Family division
Arauan consists of half a dozen languages:
*
Arawá †
*
Kulina
*
Deni
*
Jamamadi
*
Paumari
*
Suruwahá
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
[Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ]
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília
The University of Brasília ( pt, Universidade de Brasília, UnB) is a federal public university in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...
.
(† = extinct)
;Arawa
*''
Suruwaha''
*Madi-Deni-Paumari
**''
Paumari''
**''
Deni'', ''
Kulina''
**Madi-Arawa
***''
Arawa'' †
***Madi: ''
Banawa''; ''
Jamamadi''; ''
Jarawara''
Dienst (2010)
Internal classification by Dienst (2010):
;Arawan
*''
Arawa'' †
*''
Paumari''
*''
Suruwahá''
*Madi-Madihá
**Madi
***''Eastern
Jamamadi''
***''
Banawá''
***''
Jarawara''
**Madihá
***''
Kulina''
***''Western Jamamadi''
***''
Deni''
Mason (1950)
Arauá internal classification by
Mason (1950):
*Arauá
*Culino
**Culina
**Curia
**Curiana
**Culiña
*Pama
**Pama
**Pamana
*Yamamadí
**Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo
**Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí)
**Yuberi
*Madihá
*Sewacu
*Sipó
Other varieties
* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the
Himarimã people along the
Piranha River
A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, fl ...
between the
Juruá River
The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
and
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan.
Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):
*Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
. (Unattested)
*Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the
Inauini River
Inauini River ( pt, Rio Inauini) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil, a tributary of the Purus River.
The Inauini River forms the boundary between the Mapiá-Inauini National Forest
The Mapiá-Inauini National Forest ( pt, Flor ...
, a tributary of the upper
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
. (Unattested)
*Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the
Ituxi River and
Sepatini River
Sepatini River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 ...
in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested)
*Sewacu - once spoken on the
Pauini River, now on the left bank of the
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
on the opposite side of the mouth of the
Sepatini River
Sepatini River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 ...
. (Unattested)
*Pamana - once spoken on the
Ituxi River and
Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested)
*Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the
Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested)
*Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
on the opposite side of the mouth of the
Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the
Tapauá River
The Tapauá River ( pt, Rio Tapauá) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in Sout ...
, the same region. (Unattested)
*Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the
Yuberi tribe on the
Tapaua River. (Unattested)
*
Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the
Juruá River
The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
, along the
Marari River
Marari River is a river of Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas state in north-western Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state), List of rivers of Amazonas
ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Amazonas (B ...
and on the upper course of the
Tapauá River
The Tapauá River ( pt, Rio Tapauá) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in Sout ...
; second, on the
Eiru River
Eiru River is a river of Amazonas state in northwestern Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 mill ...
and
Gregório River and on the left bank of the
Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
*Madiha - spoken on the
Eiru River
Eiru River is a river of Amazonas state in northwestern Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 mill ...
near Bom Jardim, Amazonas.
*Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the
Iaco River
Iaco River is a river of Acre and Amazonas states in western Brazil.
See also
*List of rivers of Acre
*List of rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
List of rivers in Amazonas (Brazilian State).
The list is arranged by drainage basin, with re ...
, Acre. (Unattested)
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
:
Proto-language
Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by
Dixon (2004):
[Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 46: 1-83.]
Flora
:
Fauna
Mammals
:
Birds
:
Fish
:
Other animals
:
Bibliography
* Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. ''Diachronica'', ''18'', 3-30.
* Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). ''The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
* Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''46'', 1–83.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
;Lexicons
*Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística.
*Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
*Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations.
*Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.
References
External links
Sub-tronco Arawán
{{authority control
Language families
Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
Languages of Brazil
Languages of Peru
Macro-Arawakan languages