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MVA-B
MVA-B, or Modified Vaccinia Ankara B, is a HIV vaccine created to give immune resistance to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. It was developed by a team of Spanish researchers at the Spanish National Research Council's Biotechnology National Centre headed by Dr. Mariano Esteban. The vaccine is based on the Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus used during the 1970s to help eradicate the smallpox virus. The B in the name "refers to HIV-B, the most common HIV subtype in Europe". It has been stated by Dr. Esteban that, in the future, the vaccine could potentially reduce the virulence of HIV to a "minor chronic infection akin to herpes". History Non-human testing The vaccine was originally tested on a number of mice and macaque monkeys in 2008 against the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and it was found to be successful in creating an immune system response to SIV infection. Phase I testing The initial testing on human subjects was conducted on a testing pool of thirt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modified Vaccinia Ankara
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated (weakened) strain of the vaccinia virus. It is being used as a vaccine (called MVA-BN, brand names: Imvanex in the EU, Imvamune in Canada, and Jynneos in the US) against smallpox and monkeypox, having fewer side effects than the traditional smallpox vaccine. This third-generation smallpox vaccine has the advantage that it cannot reproduce complete virions in human cells, "the block of the MVA life cycle occurs at the step of virion assembly resulting in assembly of immature virus particles that are not released from the infected cell." By inserting antigen genes into its genome, modified vaccinia Ankara virus is also used as an experimental viral vector for vaccines against non-poxvirus diseases. Development as a poxvirus vaccine The traditional smallpox vaccine, which was used in the smallpox eradication campaign 1958–1977, consists of a live vaccinia virus which can replicate in humans but usually does not cause disease. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HIV Vaccine
An HIV vaccine is a potential vaccine that could be either a preventive vaccine or a therapeutic vaccine, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with HIV or treat HIV-infected individuals. It is thought that an HIV vaccine could either induce an immune response against HIV (active vaccination approach) or consist of preformed antibodies against HIV (passive vaccination approach). Two active vaccine regimens, studied in the RV 144 and Imbokodo trials, showed they can prevent HIV in some individuals. However, the protection was in relatively few individuals, and was not long lasting. For these reasons, no HIV vaccines have been licensed for the market yet. Difficulties in development In 1984, after it was confirmed that HIV caused AIDS, the United States Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler declared that a vaccine would be available within two years. However, priming the adaptive immune system to recognize the viral envelope protein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aftonbladet
''Aftonbladet'' (, lit. "The evening paper") is a Swedish daily newspaper published in Stockholm, Sweden. It is one of the largest daily newspapers in the Nordic countries. History and profile The newspaper was founded by Lars Johan Hierta in December 1830 under the name of ''Aftonbladet i Stockholm'' during the modernization of Sweden. Often critical and oppositional, the paper was repeatedly banned from publishing. However, Hierta circumvented the bans by constantly reviving the paper under slightly modified names, as, legally speaking, a new publication. Thus, on 16 February 1835, he issued the first edition of New Aftonbladet, which would – after yet another ban – be followed by Newer Aftonbladet, in turn followed by Fourth Aftonbladet, Fifth Aftonbladet, and so on. In 1852 the paper began to use its current name, ''Aftonbladet'', after a total of 25 name changes. It currently describes itself as an "independent social-democratic newspaper." The owners of ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Library Of Science
PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012 ) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, ''PLOS Biology'', in October 2003. As of 2022, PLOS publishes 12 academic journals, including 7 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, and consequently 7 journals ranked with an impact factor. PLOS journals are included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). PLOS is also a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), a participating publisher and supporter of the Initiative for Open Citations, and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). History The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time directo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiretroviral Drug
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART decreases the patient's total burden of HIV, maintains function of the immune system, and prevents opportunistic infections that often lead to death. HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same sex and opposite sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load. Treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare. Anthony Fauci, head of the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has written, "With collective and resolute action now and a steadfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccines (journal)
This is a list of academic journals published by MDPI. As of September 2022, MDPI publishes 399 peer-reviewed academic journals and nine conference journals. {, class="wikitable sortable" , +List of MDPI journals !Journal name !Subject !Established !Impact factor !Scopus ranking (2021) !ISSN , - , ''Acoustics'' , Engineering , 2019 , Impact factors are calculated on the previous two years. Impact factors for journals established in 2019 will not be available until 2022. , – , 2624-599X , - , ''Actuators'' , Engineering , 2012 , 2.062nd percentile, 2076-0825 , - , ''Administrative Sciences'' , Business , 2011 , 69th percentile, 2076-3387 , - , ''Adolescents'' , Health , 2021 , Impact factors are calculated on the previous two years. Impact factors for journals established in 2021 will not be available until 2024. , – , 2673-7051 , - , ''Advances in Respiratory Medicine'' (formerly ''Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska)'' , Health , , 27th percentile, 2451-4934 , - , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Env (gene)
''Env'' is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the ''env'' gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane. Analysis of the structure and sequence of several different ''env'' genes suggests that Env proteins are type 1 fusion machines. Type 1 fusion machines initially bind a receptor on the target cell surface, which triggers a conformational change, allowing for binding of the fusion protein. The fusion peptide inserts itself in the host cell membrane and brings the host cell membrane very close to the viral membrane to facilitate membrane fusion. While there are significant differences in sequence of the ''env'' gene between retroviruses, the gene is always located downstream of ''gag'', ''pro'', and '' pol''. The ''env'' mRNA must be spliced for expression. The mature product of the ''env'' gene is the viral spike protein, which has two main parts: the surface pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nef (protein)
Nef (Negative Regulatory Factor) is a small 27-35 kDa myristoylated protein encoded by primate lentiviruses. These include Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Nef localizes primarily to the cytoplasm but also partially to the Plasma membrane (PM) and is one of many pathogen-expressed proteins, known as virulence factors, which function to manipulate the host's cellular machinery and thus allow infection, survival or replication of the pathogen. Nef stands for "Negative Factor" and although it is often considered indispensable for HIV-1 replication, in infected hosts the viral protein markedly elevates viral titers. Function The expression of Nef early in the viral life cycle ensures T-cell activation and the establishment of a persistent state of infection, two basic attributes of HIV infection. Viral expression of Nef induces numerous changes within the infected cell including the modulation of protein cell surface express ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pol (HIV)
Pol (DNA polymerase) refers to a gene in retroviruses, or the protein produced by that gene. Products of pol include: Reverse transcriptase Common to all retroviruses, this enzyme transcribes the viral RNA into double-stranded DNA. Integrase This enzyme integrates the DNA produced by reverse transcriptase into the host's genome. Protease A protease is any enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ... that cuts proteins into segments. HIV's ''gag'' and ''pol'' genes do not produce their proteins in their final form, but as larger combination proteins; the specific protease used by HIV cleaves these into separate functional units. Protease inhibitor drugs block this step. See also * Gag/pol translational readthrough site External links * * {{Viral proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group-specific Antigen
Group-specific antigen, or gag, is the polyprotein that contains the core structural proteins of an Ortervirus (except ''Caulimoviridae''). It was named as such because scientists used to believe it was antigenic. Now it is known that it makes up the inner shell, not the envelope exposed outside. It makes up all the structural units of viral conformation and provides supportive framework for mature virion. All orthoretroviral ''gag'' proteins are processed by the protease (PR or ''pro'') into MA (matrix), CA (capsid), NC (nucleocapsid) parts, and sometimes more. If Gag fails to cleave into its subunits, virion fails to mature and remains uninfective. It comprises part of the ''gag-onc'' fusion protein. Gag in HIV Numbering system By convention, the HIV genome is numbered according to HIV-1 group M subtype B reference strain HXB2. Transcription and mRNA processing After a virus enters a target cell, the viral genome is integrated into the host cell chromatin. RNA polymer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structure And Genome Of HIV
The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias. However, researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated a previously unknown and genetically distinct retrovirus in patients with AIDS which was later named HIV." Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single-stranded RNA genome and several enzymes. The discovery of the virus itself occurred two years following the report of the first major cases of AIDS-associated illnesses. Structure The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome, extracted from infectious virions, has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution. The HIV geno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
