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Lyme Disease Microbiology
Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus ''Borrelia'', which has 52 known species. Three main species (''Borrelia garinii'', ''Borrelia afzelii'', and ''Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu#Common qualifiers, s.s.'') are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathogenic. ''Borrelia'' species in the species complex known to cause Lyme disease are collectively called ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' ''Sensu#Common qualifiers, sensu lato'' (''s.l.'') not to be confused with the single species in that complex ''Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto'' which is responsible for nearly all cases of Lyme disease in North America. ''Borrelia'' are Microaerophile, microaerophilic and slow-growing—the primary reason for the long delays when diagnosing Lyme disease have been found to have greater genetic diversity, strain diversity than previously estimated. The strains differ in clin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Burgdorferi-cropped
''Borrelia'' is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, Vector (epidemiology), vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other species of ''Borrelia'' cause relapsing fever, and are transmitted by ticks or lice, depending on the species of bacteria. A few ''Borrelia'' species as ''Candidatus'' Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever ''Borrelia''. The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of ''Borrelia'', ''B. anserina'', and the other known type of spirochete at the time, ''Treponema pallidum''. This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy, which make the cells appear white against a dark background. ''Borrelia'' species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Of 52 known species of ''Borrelia'', 20 are members of the Lyme disease group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates. CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. There is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time, and about 500 mL is generated every day. CSF acts as a shock absorber, cushion or buffer, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull. CSF also serves a vital function in the cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It fills the ventricles of the brain, cisterns, and sulci, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. There is also a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear via the perilymphati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation; Mullis and biochemist Michael Smith (chemist), Michael Smith, who had developed other essential ways of manipulating DNA, were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR is fundamental to many of the procedures used in genetic testing and research, including analysis of Ancient DNA, ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified in a series of cycles of temperature changes. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and diploblasts. It is a structure composed of nervous tissue positioned along the rostral (nose end) to caudal (tail end) axis of the body and may have an enlarged section at the rostral end which is a brain. Only arthropods, cephalopods and vertebrates have a true brain (precursor structures exist in onychophorans, gastropods and lancelets). The rest of this article exclusively discusses the vertebrate central nervous system, which is radically distinct from all other animals. Overview In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord are both enclosed in the meninges. The meninges provide a barrier to chemicals dissolv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthritis
Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden. There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease. Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Recommended medications may depend on the form of arthritis. These may include pain medications such as ibuprofen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Japonica
''Borrelia japonica'' is a spirochete A spirochaete () or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (), (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or s ... bacterium first isolated from Japanese mammals. References Further reading * * * * * External linksNCBI Taxonomy Browser - Borrelia* japonica Bacteria described in 1993 {{Spirochaetae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Miyamotoi
''Borrelia miyamotoi'' is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus ''Borrelia''. A zoonotic organism, ''B. miyamotoi'' can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell ''Ixodes'' ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread ''B. burgdorferi'', the causative bacterium of Lyme disease. Ixodes ticks are also the primary vector in the spread of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. ''B. miyamotoi'' causes ''Borrelia miyamotoi'' disease (BMD) in humans. BMD is a relapsing fever illness that has been reported across the world, often in the same geographic areas where Lyme disease is endemic. Treatment currently follows that of Lyme disease. Microbiology History and morphology ''B. miyamotoi'' was discovered in 1995 when it was isolated from a population of '' Ixodes persulcates'' ticks on the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The organism was named for Kenji Miyamoto, who initially discovered ''Borrellia'' spirochetes in Japan. It was first detected in the United State ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Andersonii
''Borrelia andersonii'' is a spirochete bacterium. It can be pathogenic, being involved in cases of Lyme borreliosis. See also * Lyme disease microbiology References Further reading * * External links NCBI Taxonomy Browser - Borrelia Borrelia, andersonii Bacteria described in 1995 {{Spirochaetae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Lusitaniae
''Borrelia lusitaniae'' is a bacterium of the spirochete class of the genus'' Borrelia'', which has a diderm (double-membrane) envelope. It is a part of the ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' ''sensu lato'' genospecies and is a Gram-negative bacterium. ''B. lusitaniae'' is tick-borne; he type strain is PotiB2. It can be pathogenic, being involved in cases of Lyme borreliosis. A species of tick, ''Ixodes ricinus'', is the host of ''B. lusitaniae''. It is thought to have originated from Portugal and has since spread to parts of Europe and North Africa. Lizards of the family Lacertidae are now believed to be important reservoir hosts of this bacterium. Origin and distribution While ''B. lusitaniae'' is distributed throughout countries in Europe and North Africa, it is the sole species of the Lyme borreliosis group in southern Portugal. Lizards of the family Lacertidae are believed to be important reservoir hosts of ''B. lusitaniae''. They were first isolated in Portugal in 1993. These lizar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Valaisiana
''Borrelia valaisiana'' is a spirochaete bacterium; strain VS116 is the type strain. It is a potential pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ .... References Further reading *Diza, Eudoxia, et al. "Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid." Emerging infectious diseases 10.9 (2004): 1692. * *Ryffel, Karine, and O. Péter. "From discovery to clinical implications: Borrelia valaisiana." JOURNAL OF SPIROCHETAL AND TICK BORNE DISEASES7.FALL/WIN (2000): 64–72. External links *Type strain of ''Borrelia valaisiana'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase valaisiana Bacteria described in 1997 {{Spirochaetae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago and the Russian Far East to the east. The continental landmass is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Africa to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two continents is a historical social construct, as many of their borders are over land; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of the six, five, or four continents on Earth. In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on paleomagnetic data. Eurasia covers around , or around 36.2% of the Earth's total land area. It is also home to the largest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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