Loss Development Factor

	Loss Development Factor Loss development factors or LDFs are used in insurance pricing and reserving to adjust claims to their projected ultimate level. Insurance claims, especially in long-tailed lines such as liability insurance, are often not paid out immediately. Claims adjusters set initial case reserves for claims; however, it is often impossible to predict immediately what the final amount of an insurance claim will be, due to uncertainty around defense costs, settlement amounts, and trial outcomes (in addition to several other factors). Loss development factors are used by actuaries, underwriters, and other insurance professionals to "develop" claim amounts to their estimated final value. Ultimate loss amounts are necessary for determining an insurance company's carried reserves. They are also useful for determining adequate insurance premiums, when loss experience is used as a rating factor Loss development factors are used in all triangular methods of loss reserving, such as the chain-ladder metho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Liability Insurance Liability insurance (also called third-party insurance) is a part of the general insurance system of risk financing to protect the purchaser (the "insured") from the risks of liabilities imposed by lawsuits and similar claims and protects the insured if the purchaser is sued for claims that come within the coverage of the insurance policy. Originally, individual companies that faced a common ''peril'' formed a group and created a self-help fund out of which to pay compensation should any member incur loss (in other words, a mutual insurance arrangement). The modern system relies on dedicated carriers, usually for-profit, to offer protection against specified perils in consideration of a premium. Liability insurance is designed to offer specific protection against third-party insurance claims, i.e., payment is not typically made to the insured, but rather to someone suffering loss who is not a party to the insurance contract. In general, damage caused intentionally as well as c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Claims Adjuster A claims adjuster, desk adjuster, field adjuster, or general adjuster (claim adjuster, claims handler, claim handler or loss adjuster in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, the Caribbean and New Zealand) investigates insurance claims by interviewing the claimant and witnesses, consulting police and hospital records, and inspecting property damage to determine the extent of the insurance company's liability. Other claims adjusters who represent policyholders may aid in the preparation of an insurance claim. Duties In the United States, claims adjusters typically: * Verify an insurance policy exists for the insured person and/or property. In general, these are written by the policy-holding insurance company. * Review the insurance policy to determine if coverage exists for the loss(es). * Assess risk(s) of loss(es), or damages to property, culminating in the loss of property and or bodily injury. * After completing the above investigations, evaluate the covered inju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Actuary An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty. The name of the corresponding field is actuarial science. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms. While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity, the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in the 17th century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries of the 21st century require analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human behavior and information systems to design and manage programs that control risk. The actual steps needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific; however, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Underwriter Underwriting (UW) services are provided by some large financial institutions, such as banks, insurance companies and investment houses, whereby they guarantee payment in case of damage or financial loss and accept the financial risk for liability arising from such guarantee. An underwriting arrangement may be created in a number of situations including insurance, issues of security in a public offering, and bank lending, among others. The person or institution that agrees to sell a minimum number of securities of the company for commission is called the underwriter. History The term "underwriting" derives from the Lloyd's of London insurance market. Financial backers (or risk takers), who would accept some of the risk on a given venture (historically a sea voyage with associated risks of shipwreck) in exchange for a insurance premium, premium, would literally write their names under the risk information that was written on a Lloyd's slip created for this purpose. Securities un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Loss Reserving Loss reserving refers to the calculation of the required reserves for a tranche of general insurance business.Schmidt, K. D., Zocher, M.The Bornhuetter–Ferguson Principle Variance 2:1, 2008, pp. 85-110. It includes outstanding claims reserves. Typically, the claims reserves represent the money which should be held by the insurer so as to be able to meet all future claims arising from policies currently in force and policies written in the past. Methods of calculating reserves in general insurance are different from those used in life insurance, pensions and health insurance since general insurance contracts are typically of a much shorter duration. Most general insurance contracts are written for a period of one year, and typically there is only one payment of premium at the start of the contract in exchange for coverage over the year. Reserves are calculated differently from contracts of a longer duration with multiple premium payments since there are no future premiums to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chain-ladder Method The chain-ladder or developmenthttps://www.casact.org/library/studynotes/Friedland_estimating.pdf method is a prominent actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualtyhttps://www.casact.org/library/studynotes/Werner_Modlin_Ratemaking.pdf and health insurance fields. Its intent is to estimate incurred but not reported claims and project ultimate loss amounts. The primary underlying assumption of the chain-ladder method is that historical loss development patterns are indicative of future loss development patterns. Methodology According to Jacqueline Friedland's "Estimating Unpaid Claims Using Basic Techniques," there are seven steps to apply the chain-ladder technique: # Compile claims data in a development triangle # Calculate age-to-age factors # Calculate averages of the age-to-age factors # Select claim development factors # Select tail factor # Calculate cumulative claim development factors # Project ultimate claims ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Incurred But Not Reported In insurance, incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims is the amount owed by an insurer to all valid claimants who have had a covered loss but have not yet reported it. Since the insurer knows neither how many of these losses have occurred, nor the severity of each loss, IBNR is necessarily an estimate. The sum of IBNR losses plus reported losses yields an estimate of the total eventual liabilities the insurer will cover, known as ultimate losses. IBNR and IBNER The term "IBNR" is sometimes ambiguous, as it is not always clear whether it includes development on reported claims. ''Pure IBNR'' refers to only unreported claims, not any development on reported claims. ''Incurred but not enough reported (IBNER)'', in contrast, refers to development on reported claims. For example, when a claim is first reported, a $100 payment might be made, and a $900 case reserve might be established, for a total initial reported amount of $1000. However, the claim may later settle for a larger amou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]