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Loloish Languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi in China and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, subclassification is more contentious. SIL Ethnologue (2013 edition) estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Ngwi languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census). Names ''Loloish'' is the traditional name for the family. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that ''Lolo'' is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human, radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Bradley (linguist)
David Bradley is a linguist who specializes in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Southeast Asia. Born in the United States, Bradley was educated at the SOAS, University of London. He has spent most of his career in Australia and is currently professor emeritus at La Trobe University. Bradley has been an invited lecturer and keynote speaker many times and throughout the world, in particular the Himalayan Languages Symposium and the International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. He is also the chief editor of the journal ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Akha Language
Akha is the language spoken by the Akha people of southern China (Yunnan Province), eastern Burma (Shan State), northern Laos, and northern Thailand. Western scholars group Akha, Hani and Honi into the Hani languages, treating all three as separate mutually unintelligible, but closely related, languages. The Hani languages are, in turn, classified in the Southern Loloish subgroup of Loloish. Loloish and the Mru languages are closely related and are grouped within Tibeto-Burman as the Lolo-Burmese languages. In accordance with China's official classification of ethnic groups, which groups all speakers of Hani languages into one ethnicity, Chinese linguists consider all Hani languages, including Akha, to be dialects of a single language. Speakers of Akha live in remote mountainous areas where it has developed into a wide-ranging dialect continuum. Dialects from villages separated by as little as ten kilometers may show marked differences. The isolated nature of Akha communities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Loloish
The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish (Hanish) languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani. Languages The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are: ''Hanoid'' in Lama (2012) is alternatively called ''Akoid'' in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group. Other Southern Loloish languages are: *Muda * Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila * Bana or BalaBradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Language diversity endangered''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu. * Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇, Yuanjiang County * Nuobi 糯比, closely related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jinuo Language
The Jino language (Jinuo 基諾語; autonyms: ', ') constitutes a pair of Loloish language varieties spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan, China. Varieties In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China. A total of 70–80% of Jinuo people can speak either of the Jino varieties fluently. The Jino language constitutes the two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo, and they are not mutually intelligible. Buyuan Jino is spoken by 21,000 people; most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Buyuan Jino. There is no official written form. Most Jino people also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino varieties are "jiu" for Youle Jino and "jiy" for Buyuan Jino. The Glottocodes for the Jino varieties are "youl1235" for Youle Jino and "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino. Classification The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lahu Language
Lahu (autonym: ''Ladhof'' ) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Lahu people of China, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos. It is widely used in China, both by Lahu people, and by other ethnic minorities in Yunnan, who use it as a lingua franca. However, the language is not widely used nor taught in any schools in Thailand, where many Lahu are in fact refugees and illegal immigrants, having crossed into Thailand from Myanmar. Classification The Lahu language, along with the closely related Kucong language, is classified as a separate branch of Loloish by Ziwo Lama (2012), but as a Central Loloish language by David Bradley (2007). Lahu is classified as a sister branch of the Southern Loloish branch in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages. Dialects Matisoff (2006) A few dialects are noted, which are each known by a variety of names: * Lahu Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Loheirn) * Lahu Shi (Yellow Lahu, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micha Language
Micha, or Miqie (; autonym: '), is a Loloish language of Yunnan. Its usage is declining. Classification Micha (' or ') is most closely related to Lipo, Lolopo, and Lisu.Gao 2014 The autonym ' is used by Lalo speakers, and should not be confused with Micha. Distribution Micha is spoken by about 9,000 persons in north-central Yunnan, in Wuding County, Luquan County, and Fumin County. *Wuding County: Shedianxiaocun, Yongtaoxiacun, Yongtaozhongcun, Yangliuhe, Maichacun, Wodudacun, Woduxincun, Shuiduifang, Shanjudacun, Shanjuxiacun, Yangjiacun, Luomian, Xiagubai, Yanziwo, Shudecun, Dacun, Xincun, Baisha, Dashiban, Puxi Xincun, Yangliuhe, Nanshancun, Maidishan, Daxinzhuang, Yangjiucun, Nuomizha, Bizu *Luquan County: Shanglaowu, Xiashihuiyao, Qinglongqing, Bailike, Yantang, Pingtian, Damituo, Xicun *Fumin County: Madishangcun, Madixiacun, Madishaocun According to the ''Nanjian County Gazetteer'' (1993), Micha (密岔) is also spoken in Nanjian County, around Aliwu (阿里勿) and S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lalo Language
Lalo (; Western Yi) is a Loloish language cluster spoken in western Yunnan, China by 300,000 speakers. Speakers are officially part of the Yi nationality, and Chinese linguists refer to it as "Western Yi" due to its distribution in western Yunnan. Lalo speakers are mostly located in southern Dali Prefecture, especially Weishan County, considered the traditional homeland of the Lalo.Yang, Cathryn. 2009. ''Regional variation in Lalo: Beyond east and west''. La Trobe Papers in Linguistics, 12. http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.9/146522. Historically, this area is the home of the Meng clan, who ruled the Nanzhao Kingdom (737–902 CE). Many speakers of Core Lalo dialects claim to be descendants of the Meng clan. Names Many Lalo are referred to by the exonym ''Menghua'' (蒙化), a name used during the Yuan Dynasty to refer to an area comprising modern-day Weishan County and Nanjian County (Yang 2010:12). They are also referred to as ''Tujia'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lolopo Language
Lolopo (autonyms: ', '; ; Central Yi) is a Loloish language spoken by half a million Yi people of China. Chinese linguists call it "Central Yi" as well, which is one of the six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. Names Lolo speakers are referred to by a variety of exonyms. Below is a list of exonyms followed by their respective autonyms and demographics.Yang, Cathryn. 2011. ''Assessment of the Lolo languages: Current understanding and recommended next steps''. m.s. * Mili: ' (spoken by about 12,000 people in Jingdong County). Also called ''Alie''. *Enipu 厄尼蒲 (' 'water buffalo people', an offensive exonym used by Lalo speakers): ' (spoken in Nanjian County). Spoken by nearly 20,000 people in Weishan County (Qinghua Township) and Nanjian County (in Wuliang, Xiaowandong, and Langcang townships) *Tu 土 (Tuzu 土族): ' (spoken by nearly 10,000 people in southern Xiangyun County) *Qiangyi 羌夷: ' (spoken by nearly 15,000 people in northern and central Xiang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipho Language
Lipo (autonym: '; ), or Eastern Lisu, is a language of the Lisu people of China, similar to but not intelligible with Lisu proper. Some Lipo are classified by the government as Lisu, others as Yi. In some areas, the people prefer the name ''Lolopo'' or ''Lolongo''. Some Lipo (''Lipa'' 利帕) speakers in Eryuan and Yongsheng counties are also referred to as ''Tujia'' (土家) (Yunnan 1956:19-20).Yunnan provincial ethnic classification research unit 南省民族识别研究组 1956. ''Preliminary summary of ethnic classifications in Yunnan province: no. 1, 2'' 南省民族识别研究第一、二阶段初步总结 Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Research Institute 中央民族学院. References External links * A 283 word list recording in Kaipuleohone Kaipuleohone is a digital ethnographic archive that houses audio and visual files, photographs, as well as hundreds of textual material such as notes, dictionaries, and transcriptions relating to small an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Loloish
The Central Loloish languages, also known as Central Ngwi, is a branch of Loloish languages in Bradley (1997). It is not used in Lama's (2012) classification. Central Loloish is also not supported in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. ''Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman''. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Languages Lama (2012) considers Central Loloish to be paraphyletic, and splits up Bradley's (1997) Central Loloish into the following independent branches of Loloish. The Lawu language group has been added from Yang (2012) and Hsiu (2017). *Lisoish languages: Lisu, Lolopo, Lipo, Lalo, Taloid languages, etc. *Nusoish languages: Nusu, Zauzou (Rouruo) *Lahoish languages: Lahu, Kucong *Lawoish languages: Lawu The Lawu ( jv, ꦭꦮꦸ), or Mount ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasu Language
Nasu (Naisu, Eastern Yi), or Nasu proper, is a Loloish language spoken by a quarter million Yi people of China. Nasu proper and Wusa Nasu are two of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. Unlike most written Yi languages, Nasu proper uses the Pollard (Miao) script. A distinct form of the Yi script was traditionally used for Wusa, though few can still read it. Names According to the ''Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002),Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer 州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 州民族出版社 Yi autonyms include Nasu 哪苏, Tusu 兔苏, Lagou 腊勾, Guo 果, and so forth. Most of Yi people of the Luquan area do not have the autonym Luoluo and Nasu (transliterated into Chinese as 纳苏) means "black", hence the Black Yi (黑彝 Hei Yi), though Black Yi is an aristocratic caste distinction among the Yi People, and Black Yi Script (Heiyiwen) was a Latin script for Yi introduced by missionaries. Clas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |