|
List Of β-lactam Antibiotics
This is a list of common β-lactam antibiotics—both administered drugs and those not in clinical use—organized by structural class. Antibiotics are listed alphabetically within their class or subclass by their nonproprietary name. If an antibiotic is a combination drug, both ingredients will be listed. Penams Narrow-spectrum β-lactamase-sensitive *Benzathine *benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) *Benzathine penicillin G * Benzathine penicillin V *Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) * Procaine penicillin * Pheneticillin β-lactamase-resistant *Cloxacillin *Dicloxacillin *Flucloxacillin *Methicillin *Nafcillin *Oxacillin *Temocillin Broad spectrum *Amoxicillin *Ampicillin Extended spectrum (Antipseudomonal) *Mecillinam *Piperacillin *Carbenicillin *Ticarcillin Carboxypenicillins *Carbenicillin *Ticarcillin Ureidopenicillins *Azlocillin *Mezlocillin *Piperacillin Cephems First generation (moderate spectrum) *Cefazolin *Cephalexin *Cephalospo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta-lactam Antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a strain of ''Penicillium rubens'' (named as ''Penicillium notatum'' at the time). Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. Medical use β-lactam antibiotics are indicated fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxacillin
Oxacillin (trade name Bactocill) is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class developed by Beecham. It was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1962. Medical uses Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant β-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Other related compounds are nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin. Since it is resistant to penicillinase enzymes, such as that produced by ''Staphylococcus aureus'', it is widely used clinically in the US to treat penicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''. However, with the introduction and widespread use of both oxacillin and methicillin, antibiotic-resistant strains called methicillin-resistant and oxacillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA/ORSA) have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. MRSA/ORSA can be treated with vancomycin or other new antibiotics. Contraindications The use of oxacillin is contraindicated in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephalexin
Cefalexin, also spelled cephalexin, is an antibiotic that can treat a number of bacterial infections. It kills gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the growth of the bacterial cell wall. Cefalexin is a beta-lactam antibiotic within the class of first-generation cephalosporins. It works similarly to other agents within this class, including intravenous cefazolin, but can be taken by mouth. Cefalexin can treat certain bacterial infections, including those of the middle ear, bone and joint, skin, and urinary tract. It may also be used for certain types of pneumonia and strep throat and to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Cefalexin is not effective against infections caused by methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA), most ''Enterococcus'', or ''Pseudomonas''. Like other antibiotics, cefalexin cannot treat viral infections, such as the flu, common cold or acute bronchitis. Cefalexin can be used in those who have mild or moderate allergies to pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefazolin
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people who have a history of anaphylaxis to penicillin. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cefazolin is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall. Cefazolin was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefoxitin
Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephamycin antibiotic developed by Merck & Co., Inc. from Cephamycin C in the year following its discovery, 1972. It was synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum. It is often grouped with the second-generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin requires a prescription and as of 2010 is sold under the brand name Mefoxin by Bioniche Pharma, LLC. The generic version of cefoxitin is known as cefoxitin sodium. History and discovery Groups of researchers at Merck and Lilly discovered Cephamycin C while looking at penicillin-producing bacteria. This followed their discovery of erythromycin, another antibiotic. Cephamycin C was the first cephem discovered but while it was highly resistant to several beta-lactamases, as is its derivative cefoxitin, it was almost only effective against Gram negative bacteria. The scientists used chemically modified the compound to give cefoxitin, so titled due to its semi-synthetic nature. This new mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephalosporin C
Cephalosporin C is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. It was isolated from a fungus of the genus ''Acremonium'' and first characterized in 1961. Although not a very active antibiotic itself, synthetic analogs of cephalosporin C, such as cefalotin, became some of the first marketed cephalosporin antibiotic drugs. Cephalosporin C strongly absorbs ultraviolet light, is stable to acid, is non-toxic and has ''in vivo'' activity in mice. Cephalosporin C, which has a similar structure to penicillin N, was never commercialized. Cephalosporin C was a lead compound for the discovery and production of many other cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are drugs used for some people who are allergic to penicillin. Uses Cephalosporins are used to treat bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections and urinary tract infections. When a cephalosporin or any other antibiotic is given as a treatment, the medication should be taken for the fully prescribed time eve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mezlocillin
Mezlocillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. It is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Unlike most other extended spectrum penicillins, it is excreted by the liver, therefore it is useful for biliary tract infections, such as ascending cholangitis. Mechanism of action Like all other beta-lactam antibiotics, mezlocillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins. This ultimately leads to cell lysis. Susceptible organisms Gram-negative *''Bacteroides'' spp., including ''B. fragilis'' *''Enterobacter'' spp. *''Escherichia coli'' *''Haemophilus influenzae'' *''Klebsiella'' species *''Morganella morganii'' *''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' *''Proteus mirabilis'' *''Proteus vulgaris'' *''Providencia rettgeri'' *''Pseudomonas'' spp., including ''P. aeruginosa'' *''Serratia marcescens'' Gram-positive *''Enterococcus faecalis'' *''Peptococcus'' spp.'' *''Peptostreptococcus'' spp.'' Synt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azlocillin
Azlocillin is an acyl ampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater ''in vitro'' potency than the carboxy penicillins. Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin. It demonstrates antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' and, in contrast to most cephalosporins, exhibits activity against enterococci. Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility Azlocillin is considered a broad spectrum antibiotic and can be used against a number of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant organisms. * ''Escherichia coli'' 1 μg/mL – 32 μg/mL * ''Haemophilus'' spp. 0.03 μg/mL – 2 μg/mL * ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' 4 μg/mL – 6.25 μg/mL Synthesis An interesting alternative synthesis of azlocillin involves activation of the substituted phenylglycine analogue 1 with 1,3-dimethyl-2-chloro-1-imidazolinium chloride (2) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticarcillin
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It can be sold and used in combination with clavulanate as ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' and Proteus vulgaris. It is also one of the few antibiotics capable of treating '' Stenotrophomonas maltophilia'' infections. It is provided as a white or pale-yellow powder. It is highly soluble in water, but should be dissolved only immediately before use to prevent degradation. It was patented in 1963. Mechanism of action Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. Ticarcillin, like penicillin, contains a β-lactam ring that can be cleaved by beta-lactamases, resulting in inactivation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbenicillin
Carbenicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It was discovered by scientists at Beecham and marketed as Pyopen. It has Gram-negative coverage which includes ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' but limited Gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, although they are more resistant than ampicillin to degradation. Carbenicillin is also more stable at lower pH than ampicillin. Pharmacology The antibiotic is highly soluble in water and is acid-labile. A typical lab working concentration is 50 to 100 µg per ml. It is a semi-synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring benzyl-penicillin. Carbenicillin at high doses can cause bleeding. Use of carbenicillin can cause hypokalemia by promoting potassium loss at the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. In molecular biology, carbenicillin may be preferred as a selecting agent (see Plasmid stabilisation technology) be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperacillin
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class. The chemical structure of piperacillin and other ureidopenicillins incorporates a polar side chain that enhances penetration into Gram-negative bacteria and reduces susceptibility to cleavage by Gram-negative beta lactamase enzymes. These properties confer activity against the important hospital pathogen ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. Thus piperacillin is sometimes referred to as an "anti-pseudomonal penicillin". When used alone, piperacillin lacks strong activity against the Gram-positive pathogens such as ''Staphylococcus aureus'', as the beta-lactam ring is hydrolyzed by the bacteria's beta-lactamase. It was patented in 1974 and approved for medical use in 1981. Piperacillin is most commonly used in combination with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (piperacillin/tazobactam), which enhances piperacillin's effectiveness by inhibiting many beta lactamases to which it is susceptible. However, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mecillinam
Mecillinam (INN) or amdinocillin (USAN) is an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic of the amidinopenicillin class that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria. It is used primarily in the treatment of urinary tract infections, and has also been used to treat typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Because mecillinam has very low oral bioavailability, an orally active prodrug was developed: pivmecillinam. Medical uses Mecillinam is used in the treatment of infections due to susceptible gram-negative bacteria, especially urinary tract infections which are most commonly caused by ''Escherichia coli''. Mecillinam is active against most pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, except ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' and some species of ''Proteus''. Retrieved on August 31, 2008. Freely available with registration. Several studies have also found it to be as effective as other antibiotics for treating ''Staphylococcus sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
