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List Of Philosophers Born In The 19th Century
Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: ::''Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.'' A * Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905) * Robert Adamson, (1852–1902) * Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897) * Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963) * Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860) * Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938) * B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956) * Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881) * John Anderson, (1893–1962) * Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920) * Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975) * Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950) * Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896) B * Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962) * Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968) * Alexander Bain, (1818–1903) * Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975) * Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876) * James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934) * Karl Barth, (1886–1968) * Jules Barthélemy-Sai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosopher
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BCE).. In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing upon resolving existential questions about the human condition; it was not necessary that they discoursed upon theories or commented upon authors. Those who most arduously committed themselves to this lifestyle would have been considered ''philosophers''. In a modern sense, a philosopher is an intellectual who contributes to one or more branches of philosophy, such as aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, philosophy of science, logic, metaphysics, social theory, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. A philosopher may also be someone who has worked in the humanities or other sciences whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; 1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary socialist and social anarchist tradition. Bakunin's prestige as a revolutionary also made him one of the most famous ideologues in Europe, gaining substantial influence among radicals throughout Russia and Europe. Bakunin grew up in Pryamukhino, a family estate in Tver Governorate. From 1840, he studied in Moscow, then in Berlin hoping to enter academia. Later in Paris, he met Karl Marx and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who deeply influenced him. Bakunin's increasing radicalism ended hopes of a professorial career. He was expelled from France for opposing The Russian Empire's occupation of Poland. In 1849, he was arrested in Dresden for his participation in the Czech rebellion of 1848 and deported to Russian Empire, where he was imprisoned f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Bergson
Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopherHenri Bergson. 2014. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 August 2014, from https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61856/Henri-Bergson Le Roy, who also succeeded to Bergson at the ''Académie française'' and was a fervent Catholic, extended to Revelation, revealed truth his conventionalism, leading him to privilege faith, heart and sentiment to dogmas, speculative theology and abstract reasoning. Like Bergson's, his writings were placed on the Index by the Vatican. Debate with Albert Einstein In 1922, Bergson's book ''Durée et simultanéité, a propos de la theorie d'Einstein'' (''Duration and Simultaneity: Bergson and the Einsteinian Universe'') was published. Earlier that year, Albert Einstein had come to the French Society of Philosophy and briefly replied to a short speech made by Bergson. It has been alleged that Bergson's knowledge of physics was insufficient and that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (; russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бердя́ев; – 24 March 1948) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialist who emphasized the existential spiritual significance of human freedom and the human person. Alternative historical spellings of his surname in English include "Berdiaev" and "Berdiaeff", and of his given name "Nicolas" and "Nicholas". Biography Nikolai Berdyaev was born at Obukhovo, Kiev Governorate (present-day Obukhiv, Ukraine) in 1874, in an aristocratic military family. His father, Alexander Mikhailovich Berdyaev, came from a long line of Russian nobility. Almost all of Alexander Mikhailovich's ancestors served as high-ranking military officers, but he resigned from the army quite early and became active in the social life of the aristocracy. Nikolai's mother, Alina Sergeevna Berdyaeva, was half-French and came from the top levels of both French and Russian nobility. He al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Benjamin
Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (; ; 15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist. An eclectic thinker, combining elements of German idealism, Romanticism, Western Marxism, and Jewish mysticism, Benjamin made enduring and influential contributions to aesthetic theory, literary criticism, and historical materialism. He was associated with the Frankfurt School, and also maintained formative friendships with thinkers such as playwright Bertolt Brecht and Kabbalah scholar Gershom Scholem. He was also related to German political theorist and philosopher Hannah Arendt through her first marriage to Benjamin's cousin Günther Anders. Among Benjamin's best known works are the essays " The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), and "Theses on the Philosophy of History" (1940). His major work as a literary critic included essays on Baudelaire, Goethe, Kafka, Kraus, Leskov, Proust, Walser, and trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julien Benda
Julien Benda (26 December 1867 – 7 June 1956) was a French philosopher and novelist, known as an essayist and cultural critic. He is best known for his short book, ''La Trahison des Clercs'' from 1927 (''The Treason of the Intellectuals'' or ''The Betrayal by the Intellectuals''). Life Born into a Jewish family in Paris, Benda had a secular upbringing. He was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. After a period at the École Centrale Paris, he turned to history, and graduated at the Sorbonne in 1894. His father's death in 1889 left Benda independently wealthy. He wrote for '' La Revue Blanche'' from 1891 to 1903. His articles on the Dreyfus affair were collected and published as ''Dialogues''. He disagreed strongly with Henri Bergson, the leading light of French philosophy of his day, and launched an attack on him in 1911, when Bergson's reputation was at its height. In July 1937 he attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustave Belot
Gustave Belot (7 August 1859 – 21 December 1929) was a French philosopher and educational administrator. Gustave Belot was born 7 August 1859 at Strasbourg,''Archives de psychologie'', Vol. 23, 1932, p.77 the son of a professor in the faculty of letters at Lyons. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1878, taking the philosophy ''agrégation'' in 1881, and becoming a provincial philosophy instructor at Brest and elsewhere.Mathias Gardet,''Histoire des PEP: pupilles de l'école publique'',Editions Beauchesne, 2008, p.175 In 1899 he succeeded Lucien Lévy-Bruhl as professor of philosophy at the ''lycée'' Louis-le-Grand. In 1911 he was appointed Inspector of the Paris Academy, and in 1913 he became Inspector-General of Secondary Instruction.Cristina Chimisso, ''Writing the history of the mind: philosophy and science in France, 1900 to 1960s'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008, p.43 He died in Paris on 21 December 1929. Informed by Durkheimian sociology, he was a theorist of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vissarion Belinsky
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky ( rus, Виссарион Григорьевич БелинскийIn Belinsky's day, his name was written ., Vissarión Grigórʹjevič Belínskij, vʲɪsərʲɪˈon ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲɪj; – ) was a Russian literary critic of Westernizing tendency. Belinsky played one of the key roles in the career of poet and publisher Nikolay Nekrasov and his popular magazine ''Sovremennik''. He was the most influential of the Westernizers, especially among the younger generation. He worked primarily as a literary critic, because that area was less heavily censored than political pamphlets. He agreed with Slavophiles that society had precedence over individualism, but he insisted the society had to allow the expression of individual ideas and rights. He strongly opposed Slavophiles on the role of Orthodoxy, which he considered a retrograde force. He emphasized reason and knowledge, and attacked autocracy and theocracy. Biography B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oskar Becker
Oscar Becker (5 September 1889 – 13 November 1964) was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, and historian of mathematics. Early life Becker was born in Leipzig, where he studied mathematics. His dissertation under Otto Hölder and Karl Rohn (1914) was ''On the Decomposition of Polygons in non-intersecting triangles on the Basis of the Axioms of Connection and Order.'' He served in World War I and returned to study philosophy with Edmund Husserl, writing his '' Habilitationsschrift'' on ''Investigations of the Phenomenological Foundations of Geometry and their Physical Applications'', (1923). Becker was Husserl's assistant, informally, and then official editor of the ''Yearbook for Phenomenological Research''. Work in phenomenology and mathematical philosophy Becker published his major work, ''Mathematical Existence'' in the ''Yearbook'' in 1927, the same year Martin Heidegger's ''Being and Time'' appeared there. Becker attended Heidegger's seminars at this period. B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Baumgardt
David Baumgardt (20 April 1890 – 21 July 1963) was an early 20th-century German Jewish philosopher in the field of philosophical history. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of Berlin. Early life and education Baumgardt was born in Erfurt, German Empire. As a young man he studied at the universities of Freiburg, Vienna, Munich, Heidelberg and Berlin, and served in the military during World War I. Career Baumgardt's main field of studies was ancient philosophy and ethics. He wrote about the relationship between ethical and religious ideology. He emigrated to Great Britain in 1935 and to the United States in 1939. Some years before his death he wrote a retrospective of his years at the University of Berlin, entitled, ''Looking Back on a German University Career'', which was published in 1965. Later in his life he was a consultant in philosophy to the American Library of Congress. Many commentaries were written about his work, including ''David Baumgardt and ethica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bruno Bauer
Bruno Bauer (; 6 September 180913 April 1882) was a German philosopher and theologian. As a student of G. W. F. Hegel, Bauer was a radical Rationalist in philosophy, politics and Biblical criticism. Bauer investigated the sources of the New Testament and, beginning with Hegel's Hellenophile orientation, concluded that early Christianity owed more to ancient Greek philosophy (Stoicism) than to Judaism. Bruno Bauer is also known for his association and sharp break with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and by his later association with Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche. Starting in 1840, he began a series of works arguing that Jesus of Nazareth was a 2nd-century fusion of Jewish, Greek, and Roman theology. Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972 Biography Bauer was the son of a painter in a porcelain factory and his wife at Eisenberg in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He studied at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin from spring 1828 to spring 1832 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Bataille
Georges Albert Maurice Victor Bataille (; ; 10 September 1897 – 9 July 1962) was a French philosopher and intellectual working in philosophy, literature, sociology, anthropology, and history of art. His writing, which included essays, novels, and poetry, explored such subjects as eroticism, mysticism, surrealism, and transgression. His work would prove influential on subsequent schools of philosophy and social theory, including poststructuralism. Early life Georges Bataille was the son of Joseph-Aristide Bataille (b. 1851), a tax collector (later to go blind and be paralysed by neurosyphilis), and Antoinette-Aglaë Tournarde (b. 1865). Born on 10 September 1897 in Billom in the region of Auvergne, his family moved to Reims in 1898, where he was baptized. He went to school in Reims and then Épernay. Although brought up without religious observance, he converted to Catholicism in 1914, and became a devout Catholic for about nine years. He considered entering the pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
